The thorax or chest (from the Greek ????? chest "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via Latin: thorax ) is part of the human anatomy and various other animals that lie between the neck and stomach. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. Contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases can affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain.
Video Thorax
Structure
In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest area of ​​the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with the internal organs and other contents. Mostly protected and supported by ribs, spine, and shoulder girdle.
Contents
The content of the thorax includes the heart and lungs and thymus gland); (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles and neck muscles); internal structures such as the diaphragm, esophagus, trachea and parts of the sternum known as xifoid processes). Arteries and veins are also contained - (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary artery); bone (shoulder socket containing the top of the humerus, scapula, sternum, spinal thoracic part, collarbone, and ribs and floating ribs).
External structures are skin and nipple.
The
boxIn the human body, the chest region between the neck and the diaphragm at the front of the body is called the chest. An appropriate area in animals can also be called a crate.
The shape of the chest is incompatible with the part of the thoracic framework that covers the heart and lungs. The entire shoulder width is due to the shoulder belt, and contains the axilla and humeral head. In the midline, the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers wide below it, a transverse bulge can be felt, known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and the sternum body. The level with this line of the second rib joins the breastbone, and when this is found the lower ribs can often be calculated. At the bottom of the sternum, where the seventh or last right rib joins, the cartilage that begins begins, and on top of this there is often a depression known as a stomach pit.
Bone
The thoracic bones, called the "thoracic framework" are components of the axial framework.
It consists of ribs and breastbone. Thorax ribs are numbered in ascending order from 1-12. 11 & amp; 12 are known as floating ribs because they do not have an anterior attachment point especially cartilage attached to the sternum, such as 1-7, and are therefore called "floating". While the ribs 8-10 are called fake ribs as their costal cartilages articulate with the rib cartilage of the ribs above.
Historic Buildings
Chest anatomy can also be explained through the use of anatomical landmarks. Putting on the male is located in front of the fourth rib or slightly below; vertically lying slightly outside the line drawn from the center of the clavicle; the woman is not so constant. A little below it, the lower boundary of the large pectoral muscle is seen running up and out into the axilla; in this woman obscured by the breast, which extends from the second rib to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the lateral mid-axillary line. The female nipple is surrounded half an inch by more or less pigmented disks, areola. The peak of the normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the midline.
Maps Thorax
Clinical interests
Various types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy, chest crossword, atelectasis, and the most common conditions, chest pain. This condition may be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma. Any condition that decreases the ability to breathe deeply or cough is considered a disease or chest condition.
Injuries
Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to ¼ of all traumatized deaths in the United States.
The main pathophysiologies found in blunt trauma involve chaos in the airflow, blood, or both in combination. Sepsis due to leakage of gastrointestinal contents, as in oesophageal perforation, should also be considered. Blunt trauma usually causes chest wall injury (eg, rib fracture). Pain associated with this injury can make breathing difficult, and this can harm ventilation. Direct lung injuries, such as pulmonary contusions (see figure below), are often associated with major chest trauma and may interfere with ventilation with similar mechanisms.
Pain
Chest pain can be the result of several problems including respiratory problems, digestive problems, musculoskeletal complications. Pain can trigger heart problems as well. Not all pain is felt to be associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly. Symptoms may vary depending on the cause of the pain. While heart problems cause a sudden feeling of pressure in the chest or pain in the back, neck and arms, the pain that is felt due to a non-heart problem gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breathing is attempted. Different people feel different pain for the same conditions. Only patients really know whether the symptoms are mild or serious.
Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarction. If this condition is present in the body, the discomfort will be felt in the chest which is similar to the heavy load placed in the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, and irregular heartbeat can also be experienced. If a heart attack occurs, most damage occurs during the first six hours, so getting the right treatment as soon as possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that patients and their caregivers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms.
The cause of non-heart chest pain
Just like a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after increased activity. People who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain in the beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in people with upper respiratory tract infections. This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough. Herpes zoster is another viral infection that can provide symptoms of chest pain or ribs before the rash develops. Injury to the rib or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. Generally it is felt when the deep breath is taken or when coughing.
Atelectasis
The cause of other non-heart chest pain is atelectasis. This is a condition suffered when some lungs collapse because of stuffy. When the bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes the patient to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when the bronchus extending from the throat pipe is blocked and trapped the air. Obstruction may be caused by something in the bronchus, such as a mucous blockage, a tumor, or a foreign object inhaled such as a coin, a piece of food, or a toy. There is the possibility of something outside the bronchus causing a blockage.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is a condition in which air or gas can accumulate in the pleural space. This can occur without any known cause or as a result of lung disease or acute lung injury. The size of the pneumothorax changes when air or gas accumulates, so medical procedures can release pressure with a needle. If left untreated, blood flow may be impaired and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax. It is possible for smaller cases to clean it yourself. The symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lungs or as shortness of breath.
Other animals
In tetrapoda
In mammals, the thorax is a body area formed by the sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper leg. The heart and lungs are in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by ribs and sternum. Vertebra pistols are also distinguished on birds, but not on reptiles.
In arthropod
In insects, crustaceans, and trilobites that are extinct, the thorax is one of the three main divisions (or tagmata) of the creature's body, each of which in turn consists of several segments. This is the area where the wings and feet stick to the insects, or areas of some of the articulated plates in the trilobites. In most insects, the thorax itself consists of three segments; prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. In the remaining insects, prothorax lacks wings, although the feet are always present in adults; wings (at present) are limited to at least mesothorax, and usually also metathorax, although the wings may be reduced or modified on one or both segments. In Apocritan Hymenoptera, the first abdominal segment converges with metathorax, where it forms a structure known as propodeum. Thus, in these insects, functional thorax consists of four segments, and therefore is usually called mesosoma to distinguish it from "thorax" from other insects.
Each segment of the thorax of the insect is subdivided into several parts, the most significant being the dorsal (notum), the lateral part (pleuron, one on each side), and the ventral (breastbone). In some insects, each of these parts consists of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with a membrane between them (called sclerites), although in many cases sclerites converge to varying degrees.
Additional Images
See also
- Pectus carinatum
- Pectus excavatum
- chest cavity
References
External links
- Sam Gon III. "Guide to the Order of Trilobites" . Retrieved August 23 2005 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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