Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

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The The Atomic Science Bulletin is a non-technical academic journal, published by Taylor and Francis covering global security and public policy issues related to the dangers posed by nuclear threats, weapons mass destruction, climate change, and new technologies and biological hazards. It has been published continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former Manhattan Project physicists after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the Bulletin of the Atomic Sciences of Chicago .

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One of the driving forces behind the creation of the Bulletin is the number of public interests that surround atomic energy in the early Atomic Age. In 1945, the common interest in atomic battles and weapons inspired the Bulletin to try to tell those interested in the dangers and destructions that the atomic war could inflict. To convey the special dangers posed by nuclear weapons, Bulletin compiled the Hours of Doomsday in 1947, with the original setting from seven minutes to midnight. By using doomsday images (midnight) and contemporary idioms of nuclear explosions (countdown to zero), Jam conveys man-made existential threats to humans and the planet.

The first needle Clock first moved closer to midnight in response to a change of world events in 1949, after the first Soviet nuclear test. Hours have been set to go back and forth over the years as circumstances have changed; now set at two minutes to midnight. The Hour of Hour is recognized as a universal symbol of threat to mankind from various sources: nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, climate change, and new technology. In 2015, Bulletin launches the Doomsday Dashboard, an interactive infographic that illustrates some of the data calculated by the Council of Science and Security Bulletin when deciding the time of each Hour. year. In March 2017, the Sponsorship Board Bulletin offered 16 Nobel Prize Winners

In the 1950s, the Bulletin was involved in the formation of the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs, the annual conference of scientists concerned about nuclear proliferation, and, more broadly, the role of science in modern society.

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History

Founder and contributors

The first founder and editor of the Atomic Science Bulletin was the biophysicist Eugene Rabinowitch (1901-1973). He founded the magazine with physicist Hyman Goldsmith. Rabinowitch is a professor of botany and biophysics at the University of Illinois and is also a founding member of the Sustainable Committee for the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. In addition to Rabinowitch and Goldsmith, contributors include: Morton Grodzins, Hans Bethe, Anatoli Blagonravov, Max Born, Harrison Brown, Stuart Chase, Brock Chisholm, E.U. Condon, Albert Einstein, E.K. Fedorov, Bernard T. Feld, James Franck, Ralph E. Lapp, Richard S. Leghorn, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Mr. Boyd Orr, Michael Polanyi, Louis Ridenour, Bertrand Russell, Nikolay Semyonov, LeÃÆ'³ SzilÃÆ'¡rd, Edward Teller, A.V. Topchiev, Harold C. Urey, Paul Weiss, James L. Tuck, among many others.

In 1949, the Education Foundation for Nuclear Science was incorporated as a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization to serve as a parent organization and fundraising mechanism Bulletin . In 2003, the Board of Directors voted to change the name of the foundation to the Atomic Science Bulletin.

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Destination

The Atomic Science Bulletin began as an emergency measure undertaken by scientists who saw the urgent need for a direct education program on atomic weapons. One of the goals of Bulletin is to educate fellow scientists about the relationship between their world of science and the world of national and international politics. The second is to help the American people understand what nuclear energy is and its possible application to war. The contestants believe that the atomic bomb will only be the first of many harmful gifts from Pandora's modern "science box." The purpose of Bulletin is to make a long and sustained effort in educating people about the reality of the scientific age.

The Atomic Research Bulletin seeks to educate citizens, policymakers, scientists and journalists by providing strong non-technical, scientific information and relevant policies on nuclear weapons and other global security issues. The Bulletin also serves as a reliable, high-quality global forum for a variety of international opinions on how best to reduce dependence on nuclear weapons. Since its founding in 1945, the Bulletin has attempted to educate the American public about the continuing dangers posed by nuclear weapons and other global dangers, recently adding climate change and new technologies in the life sciences to the list worries.

Doomsday Clock

After the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the destruction of the world was a huge fear of scientists working on the Bulletin. The proximity of nuclear destruction is a popular interest and, as a result, the Bulletin scientists developed a nuclear danger symbol in 1947 known as the Hour of Doomsday. The clock, which has only bullets that label the numbers in the upper left corner, has been displayed on the cover of the Bulletin many times since its creation. The late-night midnightness of the hands has become the Bulletin of how contributors to predict the potential of nuclear war. When it started in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight. In 1953, when the Soviet Union continued testing more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight. This proximity to the middle of the night Hours of Doomsday during the early 1950s showed concerns that the Bulletin contributors about the Soviet Union and the arms race. Warnings about the Bulletin continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and the focus of the effort shifted slightly from warnings about the dangers of nuclear war on the need for disarmament. Throughout the history of the Hour of Doomsday, it has moved closer to midnight, and further, depending on the status of the world at that time. Hours of Doomsday have been approaching midnight since 1991, when it was set to 17 min until midnight after the superpower reached an agreement on nuclear weapons reduction.

On January 25, 2018, Hours of Hours stood at 2 minutes to midnight. The decision to move the hands of the Clock is made every autumn by the Board of Science and Security at Hour of Hours of Symposium ; announcement of decision made every January. The 5th Annual Doomsday Clock Symposium is November 14, 2013; it is an everyday event open to the public and panelists featuring issues on the theme "Communicating Disaster". There is also an evening show at Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden along with the current Hirshhorn exhibition, "Damage Control: Art and Destruction Since 1950." The panel discussion, held at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is streamed directly from the Bulletin site, and is still visible there. Reflecting international events harmful to mankind, the needle of the Clock has been adjusted twenty times since the beginning of 1947, when Jam was originally set to seven minutes to midnight (11:53).

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Attend

In recent years, articles from the Bulletin have focused on many topics, ranging from the dangers of radiation after the Chernobyl disaster to the impact of the fall of the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, other articles focused on issues such as military spending and ongoing funding of missile defense systems designed to block nuclear attacks but in reality could not work. With the growing number of nuclear power plants and the demand for nuclear energy as a solution to climate change, the publication has focused much on the costs and issues surrounding nuclear energy. In 2015, The Atomic Science Bulletin launches the Nuclear Fuel Cost Calculator , an online tool that estimates the full cost of electricity generated by the three nuclear fuel cycle configurations. Two years in the making, this interactive calculator is the first publicly accessible model to provide a nuanced look at the economic cost of nuclear power; it allows users to test how sensitive the price of electricity for various components - more than 60 adjustable parameters for three nuclear fuel cycle configurations considered by this tool (once-through, limited-recycle, full-recycle). Users can choose which fuel cycle they want to check, change the cost estimate for each component of that cycle, and even choose the range of uncertainty for the cost of a particular component. This approach allows users around the world to compare the cost of different nuclear power approaches in a sophisticated way, while considering prices relevant to their own country or region.

Although the arms race and the Cold War, which focused on the for many of the previous years, are no longer the case, the publications are still focused on the current nuclear dangers in the world. As more countries like Pakistan and India have tested nuclear weapons, the Bulletin has focused on the dangers posed by these countries. The two-month "Nuclear Notebook" Bulletin is written by Federation of American Scientists expert Hans Kristensen and Robert "Stan" Norris , and track the number of nuclear weapons in the world by country By 2015, the Bulletin adds Nuclear Interactive Notebooks , infographics that describe which countries have nuclear weapons and when they get them, and how many nuclear warheads they have in a given year. The nine nuclear-armed states are shown: the United States, Russia, China, India, Pakistan, France, Britain, Israel and North Korea.

In the 21st century, articles have covered threats to humanity from various sources. Potential dangers of nuclear weapons and energy, military and political developments in the post-Cold War world, political unrest in the Middle East (and its potential escort for the risks of proliferation of nuclear and chemical weapons), various negative consequences of climate change, cyber warfare, and changes made by emerging technologies have all been studied in the Bulletin in recent years. Examples include North Korea, Middle East, Syria, Fukushima, Cybersecurity, and Climate Change.

In January 2015, the old Executive Director and Publisher Kennette Benedict retired. The new Executive Director and Publisher is Rachel Bronson, and editor of the Bulletin is John Mecklin.

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Next Generation Program

As part of the work of the Bulletin to engage new audiences on issues related to nuclear threats, climate change, artificial intelligence, and biological threats, this publication launched the Next Generation Program to encourage young and growing scholars to involved in this important issue.

As part of this program, the Bulletin sponsored the Leonard M. Rieser Award, which awarded a $ 2,500- $ 5,000 award to undergraduate students seeking to explore the relationship between science, technology, global security, and public policy. Recent recipients include Nikita Perumal and Moritz KÃÆ'¼tt.

The Bulletin also runs the Voices of Tomorrow feature under the Next Generation Program. The Voices of Tomorrow feature publishes articles from emerging experts and experts writing in the region of interest Bulletin . Two Writers' Voice Tomorrow, Emma Bastin and Yangyang Chen have published their work on Teen Vogue.

Online edition

Bulletins have been available partly online for several years. In 2008, Bulletin redesigned its website to accommodate free web content and subscription-based premium content, John A. Simpson Collection. Backfiles of the Bulletin are also available for free through Google Books, from the first edition (1945) to the November 1998 edition. Some e-newsletters and feeds are also available at no cost by signing up through Bulletins website.

November/December 2008 is the final print edition of Bulletin , which is just digital. SAGE Publications began publishing the Bulletin in September 2010. Taylor and Francis took over from Sage in January 2016.

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Abstracts and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Journal Citation Reports, which states that the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 0.452, ranked it 71st of 83 journals in the "International Relations" category and the 32th of 41 journals in category "Social Problems".

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Awards

• Finalist for Lumity Technology Leadership Award 2009
• The 2007 National Magazine Award for General Excellence under 100,000 circulation sponsored by the American Society of Magazine Editor with Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
• The Silver Excel 2006 Award for Magazine Excellence, 20,000 or Less for July/August, September/October, and November/December 2005 editions sponsored by the Society of National Publications
• Nuclear Free Future Award 2002
• 1992 Olive Branch Award for articles by David Albright and Mark Hibbs from N.Y.U. War, Peace and Media Center News
• 1990 Olive Branch Award from N.Y.U. War, Peace and Media Center News
• 1989 Olive Branch Award from N.Y.U. War, Peace and Media Center News
• 1988 Olive Branch Award from N.Y.U. War, Peace and Media Center News
• 1987 Olive Branch Award from N.Y.U. War, Peace and Media Center News
• 1987 National Magazine Award
• The 1983 Forum Award for the Bulletin of the Atomic Sciences and Ruth Adams, an editor sponsored by the Physical and Physical Society Forum of the United States

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See also

• Franck's report
• Richard Garwin
• List of international relations journals

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Notes and references

Notes from Bulletins are stored in the University of Chicago Library Special Collections Research Center.

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External links

• Official website

Source of the article : Wikipedia