Throwing bombs (sometimes known as loft bombing , and by the US Air Force as a Low Altitude Bomber System, LABS) is a bombing method in which an attacking plane pulls up when unload their bombs, give extra bombs of flight time by starting ballistic lines with up vectors.
The purpose of throwing a bomb is to offset the gravitational decline of the bomb in flight, and allow the aircraft to bomb the target without flying directly over it. This is to avoid overflying highly defensible targets, or to keep the aircraft striking from the effects of nuclear (or conventional) bomb explosions.
Video Toss bombing
Bomb tactics
Popup
In a pop-up bombing, the pilot is approaching from a low altitude on the flight level, and the gesture from the computer stops at the last moment to release the bomb. Release typically occurs between 20 ° and 75 ° above horizontal, causing the bomb to be thrown up and forward, like a throw of the ball under the armpits.
Throw level
Although "pop-up" bombing is generally characterized by low-level approaches, the same throwing technique from the flight level can be used at any height when it is not desirable to exceed the target. The additional height at release provides additional bombs of flight time and range, at cost (in the case of directional ammunition) accuracy due to windage and increased minor deviation effects on the flight path.
Dive throw
The Dive-toss delivery technique was the first "throwing" bombing method developed after World War II at the US Navy rocket development center in Inyokern, California in 1947 as a method to attack highly defended targets without being too dangerous attack. airplane. Although throwing bombs may appear to be directly opposite to diving bombs, where airplanes are flying down to aim at their targets, throwing bombs is often done with short dives before the bomber lifts his nose and releases his bomb. This variant is known as "dive tossing". This provides both the extra momentum of bombs and aircraft, thus helping the aircraft regain altitude after its release and also ensuring that the air velocity at the countable release point is still sufficient to make the bomb reach the target.
Over-the-shoulder
The more dynamic variation of throwing bombs, called over bombing , or LABS maneuvers (Low Altitude Bombing System), is a special kind of loft bombing in which bombs are released passes vertically so it is thrown back to the target. This tactic was first published on May 7, 1957 at Eglin AFB, when the B-47 entered its bombing at low altitudes, stopped sharply (3.5 g ) into a semicircle, releasing its bomb under automatic control at a predetermined point on the ascent, then executed half a roll, completing a maneuver similar to Immelmann's Turn or Half-Eight Cubans. The bomb continued upward for some time in a high arc before falling on a target far enough away from its release point. Meanwhile, maneuvers have allowed bombers to change direction and distance themselves from the target.
Writer and retired USAF pilot Richard Bach describes such attacks in his book Stranger to the Field :
The last village has a red roof beneath me, and the target, the white barrel pyramid, is only visible at the end of its boundary. Five hundred knots. Switch down, press the button. Timers start their timings, circuits are warned to drop. Go to the top at the top of the tree. I do not often fly at 500 knots on the deck, and it's clear that I'm moving quickly. The barrel is expanding. I see that their white paint is peeling off. And the pyramid lines below me. Get back on the stick smoothly to read the four Gs on the accelerometer and the center of the indicator needles that are only used in falling nuclear weapons and concentrate them and hold them there and I'll bet those computers grind their little hearts out and all I can see is the sky on the windshield holding G's keep the needle centered there is sunshine below me and WHAM. My plane clung to the right and darted tighter to the loop and stretched it forward even though we were upside down. The Shape has freed me more than I release. The white little cask is now six thousand feet directly under my canopy. I have no way of knowing whether it is a good drop or not. It was decided back with graphs and graphs and divisors and angles. I keep the needle centralized, the computer does its job automatically, and the Device is on its way.
Maps Toss bombing
Tactical usage
Throwing throws are generally used by pilots whenever it is not desirable to exceed a target with a plane at sufficient height for diving bombing or bombing rates. Such cases include heavy anti-air defenses such as AAA and SAM, when deploying powerful weapons such as 2,000 "lb" iron bombs or even tactical nuclear bombs, and the use of targeting devices is limited to guided weapons.
To counter air defense on the way to the target, remaining at low altitudes as long as possible allows bombers to avoid radar and visual tracking and envelope launches from older missile systems designed to be fired onto targets that overfire missile sites. However, the level skipped on the target at low altitude will not only expose the aircraft to short-range defenses around the target, but will put the aircraft within a bomb blast radius. By executing the "pop-up" attic, on the other hand, the pilot releases the munitions well outside the target area, outside the air defense range. Once released, the pilot can dive back to low altitude or retain the climb, in both cases generally doing sharp turns or "slicing" away from the target. The explosion generated by such powerful ammunition (hopefully) is avoided.
The value of the bombs increases with the introduction of precision guided munitions such as laser-guided bombs. Previous "stupid bombs" require a very high level of pilot precision and computer control to direct bombs accurately to the target. The plumbing also typically generally calls for the use of larger bombs than is necessary for a direct attack, to produce larger explosions that will destroy the target even if the bomb is not accurate due to wind or computer/pilot errors. Laser targeting (and other methods such as GPS as used in JDAM systems) allows bombs to correct minor irregularities of the intended ballistic path after being released, making bomb throwing as accurate as level bombing while still providing most of the advantages of throwing bombs by using directional ammunition. However, the targeting pods used to deliver the guided ammunition generally have a limit to their field of view; most specifically, pods usually can not see the back of the plane in more than a certain angle. Landing bombs allows the pilot to keep the target in front of the plane and thus in the field of targeting view as long as possible.
"Dive-throw" is generally used at medium height (to allow dives) when the target, for whatever reason, can not be precisely determined by the radar. Targets for example may display signatures that are too small to be seen on the radar (like the entrance to the underground bunker) or may not be distinguished in the radar return group. The pilot can in this case use a special "boresight" mode that allows the pilot to set targets by directing the plane directly to its target. To target on the ground, this means entering the dive. Thus designated, the pilot can then start the ascent, lofting the bomb on the target from a distance and regaining the lost altitude at the same time.
Technology
Due to the intense pilot workload involved with flying and entering the window of opportunity, some aircraft are equipped with "Toss Bomb Computer" (in US nuclear shipments, part of the Low Altitude Drilling System) that allows the pilot to release bombs at the correct angle. The Toss Bomb Computer takes air velocity input from the plane's pitot system, inputs the height of the static system, feedbacks attitude of the gyroscopic system and input from gun selectors indicating the type of bomb to calculate the exact release point of the armament. Instead of triggering immediate release, the pilot instead "approves" to release the weapon, then begins to climb steadily. The computer then calculates the desired ballistic path, and when that path will be produced by the current aircraft's stance and airspeed, the computer releases the bomb. During the Second World War, engineers Erik Wilkenson and Torsten FaxÃÆ'Â © n in Saab developed the first vision of a bomb to throw a bomb. It is a mechanical computer that performs the necessary calculations. It was first used in Saab 17 and is standard on all Saab fighters up to and including Saab 32 Lansen. It is also sold to France, Switzerland, Denmark and the United States and is used in eg Boeing B-47 Stratojet.
When deployed in Europe with NATO, RCAF CF-104 bombers carried a Toss Bomb Computer until their nuclear role was eliminated by the Canadian government effective January 1, 1972.
The same computational solutions used in LABS systems are now incorporated into two main bombing modes (computer-controlled CCRP and visual-oriented Dive-Toss mode) from Fire Control Computer from modern strike strikes like FAC-15E and F- 16. Like LABS, the pilot points to the desired point of impact, then agrees to let go while climbing, and the computer controls the actual release of the bomb. Integration into the FCC simplifies the pilot's workload by allowing the same bombing mode (CCRP) to be used for level, diving and loft bombing, giving the same gestures in pilot view regardless of the tactics used, as the computer only sees it as a closer release point.
See also
- Skip the bombing
- Tactical bombing
- Strategic bombing
- Carpet bombing
References
External links
Fact Sheet "Over The Shoulder", National Museum of the United States Air Force (Archive.org)Source of the article : Wikipedia
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