Sanitation pool is the process of ensuring healthy conditions in swimming pools, hot tubs, plunge pools and similar water recreation areas. Proper sanitation is necessary to maintain the visual clarity of the water and prevent transmission of waterborne diseases.
Video Swimming pool sanitation
Method
Sanitation methods include water filters to remove pollutants, disinfects to kill infectious microorganisms, swimmers' hygiene to minimize introduction of contaminants into pond water, and routine water testing of ponds, including chlorine and pH levels.
Maps Swimming pool sanitation
Guidelines
The World Health Organization has published international guidelines for pool safety and similar water recreation environments, including standards to minimize microbial and chemical hazards. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also provides information on pool sanitation and water-related diseases for health and community health professionals. The main organizations that provide certification for swimming pool and spa operators as well as technicians are the National Swimming Pool and Association of Pool & amp; Professional Spa. Certification is accepted by many state and local health departments.
Contaminants and diseases
Pool contaminants are introduced from environmental sources and swimmers. Influencing primarily outdoor swimming pools, environmental pollution including dirt and windblown debris, incoming water from unclean sources, showers containing microscopic algae spores and debris from birds that may store disease-causing pathogens. Indoor pools are less susceptible to environmental contaminants.
Contaminants introduced by swimmers can dramatically affect the operation of indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Sources include micro-organisms from infected swimmers and body oils including sweat, cosmetics, sunbathing lotions, urine, saliva and faeces; for example, it is thought by researchers that swimming pools contain, on average, 30 to 80 mL of urine for everyone who uses the pool. In addition, the interaction between a disinfectant and a pond water contaminant may produce a mixture of chloramines and other disinfection byproducts. Journal Environmental Science & amp; Technology reports that sweat and urine react with chlorine and produce trichloramine and cyanogen chloride, two chemicals that are harmful to human health. [1] Nitrosamines are another type of byproduct of disinfectant that is of concern as a potential health hazard.
Acesulfame potassium is widely used in the human diet and is excreted by the kidneys. It has been used by researchers as a marker to estimate how many swimming pools are contaminated by urine. It is estimated that a commercial size 220,000 gallon swimming pool will contain about 20 gallons of urine, equivalent to about 2 gallons of urine in a typical residential pool.
Pathogen contaminants are the biggest concern in swimming pools because they have been associated with various recreational water diseases (RWIs). Public health pathogens can be present in swimming pools as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Diarrhea is the most frequently reported disease associated with pathogenic contaminants, while other diseases associated with untreated pools are Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis. Other common diseases in less well-preserved swimming pools include otitis externa, commonly called swimmer's ear, skin rashes and respiratory infections.
Care and cleanliness
Contamination can be minimized by good swimmer hygiene practices such as bathing before and after swimming, and not allowing children with bowel disorders to swim. Effective treatment is needed to overcome contaminants in pond water as it prevents the introduction of pond contaminants, pathogens and non-pathogens, to a swimming pool is not possible.
A well-maintained and well-functioning pond and recirculatory filtration system is the first barrier to fighting contaminants large enough to filter. Rapid removal of filtered contaminants reduces the impact on the disinfection system thereby limiting the formation of chloramine, limiting the formation of byproducts of disinfectants and optimizing the effectiveness of sanitation. To kill pathogens and help prevent recreational water diseases, pool operators should maintain appropriate levels of chlorine or other cleansers.
Over time, calcium from urban water tends to accumulate, develop salt deposits in pool walls and equipment (filters, pumps), reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, it is advisable to completely drain the pond, and refill it with fresh water, or recycle the existing pool water, using reverse osmosis. The advantage of the last method is that 90% of water can be reused.
Pool operators should also store and handle cleaning chemicals and sanitation safely.
Disease prevention in swimming pool and spa
Prevention of disease should be a top priority for any water quality management program for pool operators and spas. Disinfection is essential to protect against pathogens, and is best managed through routine monitoring and maintenance of chemical feed equipment to ensure optimal chemistry levels in accordance with state and local regulations.
Modern digital equipment when used in conjunction with an automatic chemical feeder produces a stable pH and chlorine level. Local jurisdictions may require a waiting time if chemicals are added by hand to water so that the swimmer is not injured.
The chemical parameters include the level of disinfectant according to the instructions of the regulated pesticide label. pH should be maintained between 7.2-7.8. Human tears have a pH of 7.4, making it the ideal point to set the pool. More often than not, it is an imprecise pH and not a sanitizer that is responsible for irritating the skin and swimmer's eyes.
The total alkalinity should be 80-120 ppm and the hardness of calcium between 200 - 400 ppm.
Good hygienic behavior in swimming pools is also important to reduce health risk factors in swimming pools and spas. Bathing before swimming can reduce the introduction of contaminants, and bathing again after swimming will help eliminate them.
Those suffering from diarrhea or other gastroenteritis disease should not swim within 2 weeks after the infection, especially children. Cryptosporidium is resistant to chlorine.
To minimize exposure to pathogens, swimmers should avoid water entering their mouths and never swallow swimming pools or spa water.
Standard
Maintaining effective concentration of disinfectants is essential in ensuring the safety and health of pool and spa users. When one of these pool chemicals is used, it is important to keep the pH of the pool in the range of 7.2 to 7.8-according to the Langelier Saturation Index, or 7.8-8.2 according to the Hamilton Index; Higher pH drastically reduces sanitizing chlorine due to reduced oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), while lower pH causes skin discomfort, especially in the eyes. However, according to the Hamilton Index, higher pH may reduce unnecessary chlorine consumption while still effective to prevent algal and bacterial growth.
To help ensure the health of the baths and to protect the swimming pool equipment, it is important to regularly monitor the water quality (or "parameter") factors. This process is at the heart of an optimal water quality management program.
Disinfection systems and methods
Chlorine and bromine method
Conventional halogen-based oxidizers such as chlorine and bromine are the convenient and economical main cleaners for swimming pools and provide the residual levels of residual cleaners in the water. Chlorine-releasing compounds are the most popular and often used in swimming pools while bromine-releasing compounds have found high popularity in spas and hot tubs. Both are members of the halogen group with demonstrated abilities to destroy and deactivate potentially harmful bacteria and viruses in pools and spas. Both show three important elements as an ideal line cleanser for swimming pools and spas: they are fast acting and durable; they are effective algaecides, and they oxidize unwanted contaminants.
Swimming pools can be disinfected with various compounds that release chlorine. The most basic of these compounds are the chlorine molecules (Cl 2 ); However, its application is mainly in large commercial public swimming pools. The inorganic form of chlorine-releasing compounds often used in residential and public pools including sodium hypochlorite is commonly known as bleach or only bleach, calcium hypochlorite and lithium hypochlorite. Chlorine residues from Cl 2 and inorganic chlorine release compounds break down rapidly in the sun. To extend the usefulness of disinfectants and their persistence in outdoor settings, swimming pools treated with one or more of the inorganic forms of chlorine-releasing compounds may be provided with cyanuric acid - a granular stabilizer capable of extending active chlorine active time (t Ã,½ ) up to four to sixfold. Chlorinated isocyanurates, the family of organic chlorine-releasing compounds, are stabilized to prevent UV degradation due to the presence of cyanuric as part of their chemical backbone.
Chlorine reacts with urea in the urine and other nitrogen-containing wastes from the bath can produce chloramine. Chlorine usually occurs when an insufficient amount of chlorine is used to disinfect a contaminated pond. Chloramines are generally responsible for the obnoxious, obnoxious odor occurring in indoor pool settings. A common way to remove chloramines is "superchlorinate" (commonly called "shocking") pools with high doses of inorganic chlorine sufficient to provide 10 ppm of chlorine. Regular superchlorination (every two weeks in summer) helps to eliminate this unpleasant odor in the pool. The levels of chloramines and other volatile compounds in water can be minimized by reducing the contaminants that lead to their formation (eg, urea, creatinine, amino acids and personal care products) as well as by using a non-chlorine "oxidation of shock" such as potassium. peroxymonosulfate.
Pressurized UV technology is being used to control the level of chloramine in an indoor pool. It is also used as a secondary form of disinfection to overcome choline tolerant pathogens. A well-sized and well-preserved UV system should eliminate the need to shock the chloramines, although surprises will still be used to deal with stool accidents in the pool. UV will not replace chlorine, but it is used to control the levels of chloramines, which are responsible for odor, irritation, and corrosion enhancement in the indoor pool.
Copper ion system
Copper ion systems use low-voltage currents in copper bars (solid copper, or a mixture of copper and zinc or silver) to free copper ions into the pool water stream to kill organisms such as algae in water and provide "waste" in the water. The alternative system also uses titanium plates to produce oxygen in the water to help degrade organic compounds.
Private Pool Filtration
Water pump
Electrically operated water pump is the main motivator in water recirculation from ponds. Water is forced through the filter and then back to the pond. Using a water pump by itself is often not enough to really clean the pond. Public and public swimming pumps usually operate 24 hours a day for the entire season of swimming pool operations. Residential pool pumps are generally run for 4 hours per day in winter (when the pool is not used) and up to 24 hours in the summer. To save on electricity costs, most pools run water pumps between 6 hours and 12 hours in the summer with pumps controlled by electronic timers.
Most pool pumps currently available incorporate a small filter basket as a last resort to avoid leaf or hair contamination reaching the impeller part near the tolerance of the pump.
Filtration Unit
Sand
A pressurized sand filter is usually placed lined up immediately after the water pump. These filters typically contain media such as graded sand (called '14/24 Media Filters' in the UK system to determine the size of the sand by sifting through fine brass wires from 14 to inches (5.5 per cent) to 24 inches (9, 5 per cm)). A pressure-treated sand filter is called a 'High Level' sand filter, and will generally filter cloudy waters from particulates of not less than 10 micrometers. This type of fast sand filter is periodically 'washed back' because contaminants reduce water flow and increase back pressure. Marked by a pressure gauge on the pressure side of the filter reaching into the 'red line' area, the pool owner is alerted to the need to 'rinse' the unit. Sand in a sieve will usually last five to seven years before all "rough edges" fade and the denser sand is no longer functioning as intended. The recommended filtration for a public/commercial pond is 1 ton of sand per 100,000 liters of water (10 ounces avdp per cubic foot of water) [7.48 US or 6.23 gallon UK].
Introduced in the early 1900s was another type of sand filter; 'Fast Sand' filters, where water is pumped into the top of a large volume tank (3 '0 "or more cubes) (1 cubic y/200US gal/170UK gal/770 liters) containing filter grade sand, and returns to the pool via pipes at the bottom of the tank.Because there is no pressure inside these tanks, they are also known as 'gravity filters', which are not very effective, and are no longer common in home pools, replaced by pressure-feed type filters.
Diatomace ground
Some filters use diatomaceous soils to help filter out contaminants. Commonly referred to as 'D.E.' filter, they show superior filtration capability. Often D.E. the filter will trap water-borne contaminants as small as 1 micrometer. D.E. filters are prohibited in some states, as they must be periodically emptied and contaminated media flowed into sewers, causing problems in some district sewage systems.
Filter cartridge
Other filter media that have been introduced to the residential pool market since 1970 include sand particles and paper type cartridge filters from 50 to 150 square feet (14 m 2 ) filter areas arranged in packs that are solid 12 "in diameter x 24 "long (300 mm x 600 mm) accordion-like circular cartridge. These units can be 'daisy-chained' together to collectively filter out almost any size home swimming pool. The cartridges are usually cleaned by removing from the filter body and spraying the drain connections. They are popular where backwash water from sand filters is not allowed to be thrown away or into the aquifer.
Auto pool cleaner
Automatic pool cleaners better known as "automatic pool cleaners" and especially special robotic pool cleaners provide extra screening measures, and in fact such handy vacuums can whiten pond microfilters, which sand filters without flocculation or coagulalence can not complete
These cleaners are independent of the main filter pool and pump system and powered by a separate power source, usually in the form of a set-down transformer that is maintained at least 10 feet (3.0 m) from the water in the pool, often on the pool deck. They have two internal motors: one to suck water through a stand-alone filter bag and then restore high-filtered water back to the pond water. The second is a drive motor connected to a tractor such as a rubber or synthetic track and a "brush" connected to a rubber or plastic tape through a metal shaft. The brush, resembling a paint roller, is located on the front and back of the engine and helps remove contaminated particles from floors, pool walls (and in some designs even pool steps) depending on size and configuration. They also direct the particles into the internal filter bag.
Other systems
The salt chlorination unit, electronic oxidation system, ionization system, microbial disinfection with ultra-violet lamp system, and "Tri-Chlor Feeder" are other independent or additional systems for pool sanitation.
Sequential dilution
The pool filtering system described above is called a "sequential dilution" system, as fresh, chlorinated, and continuously filtered and continuous streams are being continuously returned to the pool as part of a process that can ultimately produce a pool of 100 % freshly introduced fresh water over a period of time. Of course this goal is never achieved, as there is also a constant stream of new contaminants entering the pond as the next part of this article will show.
Skimmers
Overcoming aperture
Water is usually taken from the pond through a rectangular opening on the wall, connected via a device mounted to one (or more) pool walls. The internal part of the skimmer is accessed from the pool deck via a circular lid or rectangle, about one foot in diameter. If the swimming pool water pump is operational water taken from a pool of floating hinged weirs (operating from a vertical position to a 90 degree angle from the pool, to stop leaves and debris being flooded back to the pond by wave action), and into the "skimmer basket "that can be removed, whose goal is to trap dead leaves, dead insects, and other larger floating debris.
The visible aperture from the side of the pool is usually a width of 1 '0 "(300 mm) with a height of 6" (150 mm), which cuts the water in the middle despite the aperture center. Skimmers with apertures that are wider than this are called "wide angle" skimmers and can reach a width of 2 '0 "(600 mm). The floating skimmer has the advantage of being unaffected by the water level because it is adjusted to work with pump suction level and will maintain skimming optimum regardless of water level leading to a number of real bio-materials in water Skimmers should always have a leaf basket or filter between it and pump to avoid plugging in pipes leading to pumps and filters.
Pool recirculation
The last link in the pool recirculation system: 'skimmer-pump-filter-return' is water return.
Heaters
Other equipment that can be selected in the recirculation system includes a pool water heater. They can be heat pumps, natural gas or propane gas heaters, electric heaters, wood burning heaters, or solar hot water heating panels - are increasingly being used in sustainable pool designs.
Other tools
Transfer to electronic oxidation system, ionization system, microbial disinfection with ultra-violet lamp system, and "Tri-Chlor Feeder" is another support system for pool sanitation; as well as solar panels; in many cases necessary to be placed after the filtering equipment, and is the last item before the water is returned to the pond.
Other features
Recreational facilities
Features that are part of the water circulation system can expand capacity of care capacity for size calculations and may include: artificial flows and waterfalls, pool fountains, hot tubs and integrated springs, water slides and skates, artificial "pebble beaches" submerged seats as benches or as a "bench" in-pool bar, a plunge pool, and a shallow children's wading pool.
See also
- The copper ion pool system
- The Fountain
- Reflects pool
- Water garden
- Water purification
- Automatic pool cleaner
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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