Gray's Anatomy is an anatomical English textbook originally written by Henry Gray and illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter. The previous edition is called Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical and Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Applied , but the book's name is generally abbreviated becomes, and the next edition is titled, Gray's Anatomy . This book is widely regarded as a very influential work on the subject, and is constantly revised and reissued from its original publication in 1858 to the present day. The latest edition of this book, the 41st, was published in September 2015.
Video Gray's Anatomy
Publishing history
Origins
British anatomist Henry Gray was born in 1827. He studied the development of endocrine glands and the spleen and in 1853 was appointed Anatomy Lecturer at St George's Hospital Medical School in London. In 1855, he approached his colleague Henry Vandyke Carter with his idea to produce an inexpensive and accessible book of anatomy for medical students. Dissecting unclaimed bodies from nursing homes and hospitals through the Mortomy Act of 1832, both working for 18 months on what will be the basis of this book. Their work was first published in 1858 by John William Parker in London. It's dedicated by Gray to Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet. A printed English first edition was published in the United States in 1859, with slight changes. Gray prepares a revised second edition, published in England in 1860, also by J.W. Parker. However, Gray died the following year, at the age of 34, after suffering from smallpox while treating his nephew (the survivor). Her death has come only three years after her initial publication of Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical . Even so, the work in his highly praised book was passed on by others. Longman publications reportedly began in 1863, after they acquired J.W. Parker publishing business. This coincided with the date of publication of the third British edition of Gray's Anatomy. The English edition of the Gray Anatomy continues to be published under Longman, and recently Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier traces, reflecting further changes in publishing company ownership over the years.
American Edition
Full American rights were purchased by Blanchard and Lea, who published the first edition of twenty-five different American editions of Gray's Anatomy in 1862, and his company became Lea & amp; Febiger in 1908. Lea & amp; Febiger continued to publish an American edition until the company was sold in 1990.
The first American publication edited by Richard James Dunglison, whose father Robley Dunglison was a doctor to Thomas Jefferson. Dunglison edited the next four editions. This is: Second American Edition (February 1862); the New Third American from the Fifth English Edition (May 1870); New America of the Eighth English Edition (July 1878); and New America of the English Edition Ten (August 1883). W. W. Keen edited the next two editions, namely: New America of the Eleventh Edition of England (September 1887); and New America from the Thirteenth English Edition (September 1893).
In September 1896, a reference to the English edition was canceled and published as Fourteenth Edition, edited by Bern B. Gallaudet, FJ Brockway, and JP McMurrich, who also edited the 15th Edition. (October 1901). There is also an edition dated 1896 which still refers to the English edition which states it is the "New Edition, which is thoroughly revised by the American authorities, of the thirteenth English Edition" and edited by T. Pickering Pick, F.R.C.S. and published by Lea Brothers & amp; Co., Philadelphia and New York.
The Sixteenth Edition (October 1905) edited by J. C. DaCosta, and Seventeenth (September 1908) by DaCosta and E. A. Spitzka. Spitzka edited the Eighteen edition of Eighteen (October 1910) and Nineteen (July 1913), and in October 1913, R. Howden edited New America from England Eighteen Edition . The "American" edition is then followed by successive numbering from Twentieth onwards, with WH Lewis editing 20 (September 1918), 21 (August 1924), 22 (August 1930), 23 (July 1936), and 24 (May 1942). ). C. M. Gross edited 25 (August 1948), 26 (July 1954), 27 (August 1959), 28 (August 1966), and 29 (January 1973). Carmine D. Clemente edited and extensively revised the 30th edition (October 1984). With Lea & amp; Febiger in 1990, the 30th edition is the last American Edition.
Differences in American and English edition numbering
Sometimes separate editing attempts with inconsistencies between numbering English and American editions lead to the existence, over the years, of the two major "flavors" or "branches" of Gray's Anatomy: the US and Britain. This can easily lead to misunderstandings and confusion, especially when quoting or trying to buy a particular edition. For example, a comparison of the history of publication shows that American numeration roughly continued with the UK until the 16th edition in 1905, with the American edition either recognizing the English edition, or simply matching the numbering in the 14th, 15th and 16th editions. Then American numbering crept forward, with the American edition of the 17th published in 1908, while the 17th British edition was published in 1909. This increased to a three-year gap for the 18th and 19th editions, leading to the publication 1913 on> New American from the Eighteenth English , which brings the numbering back to the line. Both editions of the 20th were then published in the same year (1918). After that, the English numbering pushed forward, with the 21st edition of England in 1920, and the 21st edition of America in 1924. This difference continued to increase, so the 30th British edition was published in 1949, while the 30th and last American edition published in 1984.
Maps Gray's Anatomy
Issues currently available
Most recently, the 41st edition of Gray's Anatomy was published on September 25, 2015 by Elsevier in print and on-line versions, and is the first edition to have enhanced online content including anatomy videos and bonus libraries. Gray's imagery. This latest edition also has 24 specially invited on-line comments on various controversial topics of anatomy such as advances in electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy; neurovascular assemblage of the prostate; stem cells in regenerative medicine; anatomy of facial aging; and technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology.
The senior editor of this book and the accompanying website at ExpertConsult is Professor Susan Standring, who is Professor Emeritus of Anatomy at King's College London. The three latest editions differ from all previous editions in importance: they present anatomical structures based on their regional anatomy (as instructed according to the body parts to which they are structured - for example the anatomy of bone, blood vessels and nerves etc. from the upper extremities are described in one the place). All previous editions Gray's anatomy is governed by systemic anatomy (ie there is a separate section for the entire skeletal system, the entire circulatory system and the rest of the nervous system, etc.). The editors of the 39th edition recognize the validity of both approaches but turn to regional anatomy by popular demand.
The old edition, beyond the copyright of this book continues to be reprinted and sold. Especially on the internet, there are many offers for older editions. Yet it is not always clear which (English or American) editions of these books are republications. Many seem to be reprints of the 1901 edition (probably the US). Also on the internet, there are several sites where various old versions can be read online. Although older editions may present historical and artistic use because of their colleague's illustrations and anatomical cross-section known for their rough and often haunting presentations, they no longer represent the current anatomical understanding.
Henry Gray wrote the original version of Gray Anatomy with an audience of medical students and doctors in mind, especially surgeons. However, for decades, precisely because Gray's textbook became a classic and persistent editor, great efforts to maintain his position as the most authoritative text possible on the subject in English. To achieve this goal, a long-term strategy seems to have made each approaching edition contain a completely comprehensive account of anatomical understanding of medical accounts available at the time of publication. Given the explosion of medical knowledge in the 20th century, it is easy to understand that this led to a massive expansion of the book, which threatened to collapse under its own weight in a metaphorical and physical sense. From the 35th edition onwards, increased efforts are being made to reverse this trend and keep books readable by students. However, the 38th edition contains 2,092 pages in large format - the highest number of pages and an increase from the 35th edition, which has 1,471 pages. Issue 41 currently has 1,584 pages. The new edition of Gray Anatomy - and even some of the newer ones - is still considered the most comprehensive and detailed textbook on the subject. Despite the above-mentioned efforts to keep the Gray Anatomy readable by students, when the 39th edition was published, the students were identified as a secondary market for this book, and companion publications such as Gray's Anatomy for Students , Gray's Gray Atlas and Gray's Anatomy Review has also been published in recent years.
Cultural effects
In Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer's Adventures, the book Tom captures Becky Thatcher's reading, and from which he tore the page, implied it to be Gray's Anatomy.
In the early 1970s the movie Tamil Malathi , medical students Gemini Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi tried to get the 28th edition of Gray's Anatomy from an old bookstore.
In the movie 1991 The Addams Family Granny (Judith Malina) reads Grey's Anatomy while Gomez (Raul Julia) plays with a train set.
The film Steven Soderbergh 1996 Gray Anatomy , featuring the Spalding Gray monologue, also took its name from the title of the book, as well as Gray's Anatomy: Selected Quotes , a 2009 book by the British political Philosopher John N. Gray.
In the 1998 episode
The American medical drama Gray's Anatomy (2005 -) takes its name from a textbook.
The name of the game Jim Leonard Jr. 2006 Anatomy of Gray, centered on a doctor's visit to a small town in Indiana in 1880, took his title as a drama in my Gray Anatomy.
In the 2013 Dan Brown novel Inferno, Sienna Brooks, as a child, reads all 1,600 pages of Gray Anatomy within ten days.
In the ABC television series The Good Doctor (2017-present), the main character, Dr. Shaun Murphy, an autistic scholar, often visualizes illustrations of Gray's Anatomy as he mentally diagnoses the patient's condition.
Note
References
Bibliography
External links
- The online version Gray Anatomy - The full 20th edition of US Gray Human Body Anatomy , published in 1918. NB: This is the latest American version which is in the public domain.
- Online audio recording of the same edition text in five parts: 12345
- First edition Gray's Anatomy , 1858 (direct PDF link)
- Gray's Anatomy . 2014. Episode 5 of the BBC TV series The Beauty of Anatomy .
- Video @Google Talk by Bill Hayes on Gray's Anatomy
- Images selected from first edition Gray's Anatomy From Philadelphia Doctor's College Digital Library
- Gray Anatomy for students in the library (WorldCat catalog)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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