Ski Shoes are footwear used in skis to provide a way to fit skiers into skis using ski bindings. The ski/boot/binding combination is used to effectively transmit control inputs from the foot of the skier to the snow.
Video Ski boot
History
Ski boots are winter leather boots, which are held by skis with leather straps. As skiing becomes more specialized, so are the ski boots, leading to the separation of design between them for alpine skiing and cross-country skiing.
Modern skiing is developed as an all-round sport with uphill, downhill and cross country passages. The introduction of binding wires starts a parallel binding and booting evolution. Circle the rope around the back of the boot to advance to the metal cup on the toes. Boots with sole are extended backwards to produce flange for the wires to tightly lock to become common, as does the design with a semi-circular indentation on the heel for the same purpose.
Effective cross-country skiing requires a boot to flex forward to allow for action to go, so boots are designed around a single section that allows flexing forward while still keeping the legs relatively side-to-side. The upper, cuff, relatively soft, is designed primarily for comfort and warmth. Modern cross-country ski boots have remained virtually unchanged since the 1950s, although modern materials have replaced leather and other natural fibers.
With the introduction of ski lifts, the need to ski to reach the top of the hill is removed, and a much tighter design is preferred, providing better control over the skis as it slides downhill. The main development was the discovery in 1928 from the binding of the Kandahar cable, which heavily attached the heel to the skis and used a strong spring to pull the boot forward onto the foot iron. The design requires stronger and reinforced shoe soles, often built on wooden calves. New boots that have been boiled in oil or soaked in glue are introduced to tighten the upper cuff. This is universally uncomfortable, especially during periods of rest when they are new. Once broken, they quickly get out as they continue to soften. Racers usually only have a few weeks to wear a pair before they are no longer useful. Another attempt to strengthen the foot/ski connection is "long thong", a long leather strap fitted directly into the ski wrapped several times around the lower leg and then folded. It offers an extraordinary increase in control, but increases the risk of injury in the event of an accident.
Maps Ski boot
Alpine
Modern alpine ski shoes have rigid soles and are attached to the skis on both ends and heels using a spring binder. The interface between boot and binding is standardized by ISO 5355, which determines the size and shape of the hard plastic flanges at the tips of the feet and boot heels. Shoe-sized skiing using the Mondopoint system.
Front-entry
Front-entry shoe (or "top-entry", rarely "overlap" or "Lange") has been the ultimate boot design for much of the downhill skiing history. The design evolves from existing skin boots through several steps.
In 1956, the Swiss Henke factory introduced a boot buckle, using Hans Martin's patented over-center levered latches to replace the rope. Rope spreads the load in a number of fish eyes on the skin, while the buckle concentrates the load only at some point. To unfold it, the boots show a C-shaped flap that extends over the opening where the rope will be, to the side where the buckle is located. This has the added advantage of also helping to block the snow from entering the front of the boot.
Beginning in 1960 Bob Lange experimented with how to replace the skin with plastic. Early examples used lace-up design, but in 1964 he incorporated a more flexible new polyurethane plastic with an overlapping flap and buckle system from Henke to produce the first recognizable modern ski boot. Sample production appeared in 1966, and when Nancy Greene started winning the race on them, plastic boot became a must-have item. Replacing skin with plastic dramatically improves stiffness and control, along with endurance and warmth (leather boots have a soaking way, which causes wet, frozen feet). Over time the cuffs around the legs evolved upward, starting from the top of the ankles like leather boots, but rising to a point about half way down the knee in the 1980s. Only minor changes have occurred in this basic design ever since.
Almost all modern front boots are made up of two parts, one around the leg, and one around the lower leg. It joins a rivet/twist joint near the ankle that allows the legs to spin forward, but not to the side. This allows excellent control by transmitting even the smallest lateral foot movements to the skis. However, rigid cuffs also make them very difficult to wear and take off. In addition, because of the boot clamps on the legs, pulling the sides inward, it is difficult to produce a single design that fits into different shapes and sizes of feet. This leads to a shell modification service, when the boot is stretched to fit the foot of the skier, usually by heating the plastic and pressing it into place. This is also known as "blowing" ("punching", "pushing"). Sometimes the material will be smoothed off the boot to provide more space. This is usually only used with front-in design, other designs usually include more space in the leg area because it does not clamp in the same way.
Back-entry
Rear-entry shoes were brought to market in the early 1970s by the Hanson brothers to tackle the problem of getting conventional and deadly boots, while also providing generally better fit. The rear-entry design was very popular in the 1980s, especially Salomon designs such as the race-oriented SX 91 Equipe.
In the design of the rear entry, the entire area of ​​the foot and the sole of the foot is a unit similar to a sandal. The foot cuff is split in two, with the front and back that meet at the hinge point on the ankle. The back of the cuff can rotate far back, opening the width for easy entry. Closing the cable locks the back that moves forward to the front, forming a rigid cuff that spins around the spikes on the ankle like a conventional front-end design. Since the sole area of ​​the foot is one part and does not have a buckle for adjustment, the rear boot may have a large "slop", and various cabling systems, plates or pockets of foam are used to overcome this. The positive side of this approach is that the leg area can be made bigger, fitting with almost all feet.
The rear entry designs fell out of popularity in the 1990s because of their exclusion by racers in search of a closer one. Recent improvements to front-entrance and mid-entry boots, especially in the area of ​​comfort and ease of entry/exit, have reduced the popularity of rear entry design even in recreational roles, although mid-range models remain as common as leather shoes.
Three pieces
The three-piece boots (or "open throat") were first developed by Mel Dalebout (circa 1969), which introduced a stiff magnesium boot shell that year (Brixia did the same with its aluminum shell at about the same time). The big advantage is that the primary shell is a convex section at all points, meaning it can be easily manufactured using a plug mold. Conventional boots with overlapping flaps require a more complicated printing process. Engineers at Henke, Heierling, Sanmarco and Caber saw an advantage for high-speed printing, and plastic three-piece shoes were on the market in 1972, when Roland Collombin won the Olympic drop at Henke Strato.
Sven Coomer's boot designer then improved the design with a wavy tongue, and the technique was commercialized by Comfort Products, an Aspen company, Colo owned by former ski racer Erik Giese. Giese licensed the Coomer concept to Swiss firm Raichle-Molitor; the company introduced it in 1979 as Flexon, which became very popular among declining racers and mogul skiers. Flexon is very popular among professional skiers, especially for moguls and freestyle, but a series of business mistakes kept Raichle out of business in the late 1990s. Some companies produce three pieces of design today, often referred to as "cabrio" shoes (after the convertible-top cabriolet vehicles), and they are once again a popular model.
The design is very similar to the conventional front-door design, with legs and feet apart glued to the ankles. However, the overlapping flap of this design is cut, leaving a crack like a hole in the front of the foot and above the foot. A separate plastic tongue is positioned above the opening at the front of the boot, and is locked down to close it. The open cuff ("throat") makes the shoe easy to turn on and off, and the formation of the tongue allows full control over the front flex. A single shell can be used in multiple languages ​​to provide the required flex pattern from racing-stiff to freestyle-soft.
Hybrid skin
The introduction of plastic boots in the 1960s caused a number of companies to introduce "hybrid" shoes with plastic inserts for additional lateral strength. This was widespread in the late 1960s, especially from the large collection of Italian betting makers in Montebelluna, before they began introducing their own all-round plastic designs. Typical designs use plastic inserts wrapped around the heel area and extend to just below the ankle, allowing skiers to force their legs aside and offer some creeping control. Others, especially the 1968 Raichle Fiber Jet, wrap soft skin boots in an external fiberglass shell, resulting in a less successful side-entry design. Hybrid designs often incorporate side-entry or three-piece design elements. Fiber Jet shares many similarities to the Rosemount design, for example.
Side-entry
Introduced by Rosemount in 1965, the side-entry design consisted of a nearly sealed shell with a cut-out section on one side. The cut-out is covered by a flap that hangs behind the boot, swinging backwards to open. Stepping very easily, simply by sliding your legs sideways through the hole, then swinging the lid shut and stretching the cover of the fabric over it to close it. When the top and bottom are open, a metal plate is required on the side to connect the two mechanically. The problem is that the boot does not meet perfectly along the connection, allowing snow to force entry into the boot, despite continuous improvement. This design fell out of use in the 1970s because higher front-entrance boots became very universal.
External frame
Boot ski provides four functions; protects the foot from the elements, provides a mounting point for fastening, and the transmission of strength between the legs and skis. In theory, there is no reason for this to be combined in one unit, and some designs have divided these functions. One example is the Nava System of the 1980s, which uses soft boot clipped to custom bindings, and an extended arm from the rear binding to wrap the legs and provide lateral control.
In 1980 four designs were introduced that all rose to a point below the knee. They are normal ski boots below, but use a long tongue tied around the upper leg using a variety of methods. They offer greater edge control, and are quickly copied by many other companies. They all disappeared in 1983, mostly fashion victims - ski pants would not suit them. Nothing produced today.
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Nordic
Cross country and telemark
Cross-country boots, like all Nordic equipment, attach to the skis usually only on the end of the boots and left to flex on the bottom of the foot like shoes or regular shoes. Cross-country boots generally use one of four attachment systems; NNN (New Nordic Norm), 75mm Nordic Norm ("three-pin" binding, "75NN"), d-ring, or SNS (Salomon Nordic System). A four pin similar binding system similar to the 75NN was once popular in the Soviet Union. The new Salomon Pilot binding is now widely used for racing because it uses two connection points so skiers have more stability and control over the skis. Since these shoes are intended for travel on generally flat terrain, they are optimized for light weight and motion efficiency.
Telemark refers to a special technique for making downhill windings on Nordic equipment. This has resulted in highly specialized equipment designed for better performance in a downhill setting. Until 1992 Telemark boots were basically heavy leather boots with the front one adjusted to Norm Nordic 75mm. The introduction of the new Telemark Norm (NTN) binding in 2007 changed the technique dramatically. Since then plastic boots have become more and more common and now make almost all of Telemark's shoes. The plastic allows for a more rigid boot while still allowing flex freedom on the ball of the foot through the use of bellows. Boots intended for cross country travel more generally have lower cuffs, softer flex and lighter weight. Special boots for declining use have higher cuff, bending stiffness and heavier weight. Telemark shoes are almost always equipped with rubber soles.
Alpine touring
Although randonnÃÆ' Â © e is considered an alpine sport, it basically combines cross country steps for uphill parts and conventional alpine techniques on the slopes. It uses the closest comparison to a modern telemark system, with rigid plastic boots that offer good downhill control, and a bonding system that allows it to spin on the toes to cross across the country. Different models exchange light weight with decreasing performance. They have rubber soles that are shaken for easy walking. This means that they will not fit in the usual alpine bindings. Instead, the interface between alpine touring boots and bindings is defined by ISO 9523. Another sticking method exists and stands out among these is the Tech bindings and fittings first commercially operated by Dynafit as TLT. Until now, this is not covered by international standards.
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Snowboarding
Downhill techniques, alpine, telemark and snowboarding, all take turns by turning skis or boards to the edges. After the edge, the curved pattern cuts to the side ("sidecut") causes the skis or boards to bend into curves. As they move forward on the snow, this curved shape causes them to spin.
Snowboard boots and bindings are usually much simpler than their declining counterparts, rarely including a release system for example, and need to provide mechanical support only in the front and back. It usually consists of an external frame, generally L-shaped, that snowboarder steps into and then ties it using a strap on top of the boot. Boot itself is not responsible for power transmission, and can be much softer than typical downhill boot. When the sport was first introduced, winter boots were commonly used, but today it is much more common to use semi-rigid snow boots. Some special disciplines use harder shoes with step-in bindings that are more similar to declining systems, but these are not widely used outside of this field, although some sports teachers are down using this so they can switch between snowboarding or ski class without having to replace boots.
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See also
- Binding skis
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References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
In 1980 four designs were introduced that all rose to a point below the knee. They are normal ski boots below, but use a long tongue tied around the upper leg using a variety of methods. They offer greater edge control, and are quickly copied by many other companies. They all disappeared in 1983, mostly fashion victims - ski pants would not suit them. Nothing produced today.
Nordic
Cross country and telemark
Cross-country boots, like all Nordic equipment, attach to the skis usually only on the end of the boots and left to flex on the bottom of the foot like shoes or regular shoes. Cross-country boots generally use one of four attachment systems; NNN (New Nordic Norm), 75mm Nordic Norm ("three-pin" binding, "75NN"), d-ring, or SNS (Salomon Nordic System). A four pin similar binding system similar to the 75NN was once popular in the Soviet Union. The new Salomon Pilot binding is now widely used for racing because it uses two connection points so skiers have more stability and control over the skis. Since these shoes are intended for travel on generally flat terrain, they are optimized for light weight and motion efficiency.
Telemark refers to a special technique for making downhill windings on Nordic equipment. This has resulted in highly specialized equipment designed for better performance in a downhill setting. Until 1992 Telemark boots were basically heavy leather boots with the front one adjusted to Norm Nordic 75mm. The introduction of the new Telemark Norm (NTN) binding in 2007 changed the technique dramatically. Since then plastic boots have become more and more common and now make almost all of Telemark's shoes. The plastic allows for a more rigid boot while still allowing flex freedom on the ball of the foot through the use of bellows. Boots intended for cross country travel more generally have lower cuffs, softer flex and lighter weight. Special boots for declining use have higher cuff, bending stiffness and heavier weight. Telemark shoes are almost always equipped with rubber soles.
Alpine touring
Although randonnÃÆ' Â © e is considered an alpine sport, it basically combines cross country steps for uphill parts and conventional alpine techniques on the slopes. It uses the closest comparison to a modern telemark system, with rigid plastic boots that offer good downhill control, and a bonding system that allows it to spin on the toes to cross across the country. Different models exchange light weight with decreasing performance. They have rubber soles that are shaken for easy walking. This means that they will not fit in the usual alpine bindings. Instead, the interface between alpine touring boots and bindings is defined by ISO 9523. Another sticking method exists and stands out among these is the Tech bindings and fittings first commercially operated by Dynafit as TLT. Until now, this is not covered by international standards.
Snowboarding
Downhill techniques, alpine, telemark and snowboarding, all take turns by turning skis or boards to the edges. After the edge, the curved pattern cuts to the side ("sidecut") causes the skis or boards to bend into curves. As they move forward on the snow, this curved shape causes them to spin.
Snowboard boots and bindings are usually much simpler than their declining counterparts, rarely including a release system for example, and need to provide mechanical support only in the front and back. It usually consists of an external frame, generally L-shaped, that snowboarder steps into and then ties it using a strap on top of the boot. Boot itself is not responsible for power transmission, and can be much softer than typical downhill boot. When the sport was first introduced, winter boots were commonly used, but today it is much more common to use semi-rigid snow boots. Some special disciplines use harder shoes with step-in bindings that are more similar to declining systems, but these are not widely used outside of this field, although some sports teachers are down using this so they can switch between snowboarding or ski class without having to replace boots.
See also
- Binding skis
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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