The reproductive system or the genital system is the sex organ system in an organism that works together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories for the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sex of differentiated species often has significant differences. These differences allow for the combination of genetic material between two individuals, allowing for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of offspring.
Video Reproductive system
Animal
In mammals, the major organs of the reproductive system include external genitalia (penis and vulva) as well as a number of internal organs, including gamete-producing gonads (testicles and ovaries). Diseases of the human reproductive system are very common and widespread, especially infectious sexually transmitted diseases.
Most other vertebrate animals have similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies in each vertebrate group.
Vertebrata
Vertebrate animals all share a key element of their reproductive system. They all have gamete-producing organs or gonads. In women, the gonads are then linked by the oviduct to the opening to the outside of the body, usually cloaca, but occasionally to unique pores such as the vagina or intromitten organs.
Man
The human reproductive system usually involves internal fertilization through sexual intercourse. During this process, the man inserts his erect penis into the woman's vagina and ejaculates cement, which contains sperm. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the egg. After successful fertilization and implantation, fetal gestation occurs later in the woman's uterus for approximately nine months, a process known as a human pregnancy. Pregnancy ends with birth, the birth process is known as childbirth. Labor consists of uterine contraction muscles, cervical opening, and vaginal discharge (female genital organs). Babies and human children are almost helpless and need high parental care for many years. One important type of parental care is the use of mammary glands in the breast of a woman to breastfeed her baby.
The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce an egg, and the second is to protect and fertilize offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and that is to produce and store sperm. Humans have high levels of sexual differentiation. In addition to differences in almost every reproductive organs, many differences usually occur in secondary sexual characteristics.
Men
The male reproductive system is a set of organs located outside the body and around the male pelvic area that contribute to the reproductive process. The main direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide a male sperm for egg fertilization.
Male main reproductive organs can be grouped into three categories. The first category is the production and storage of sperm. The production takes place in the testicles that are housed in temperature regulating scrotum, immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage. The second category is the gland producing ejaculatory fluid which includes the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the vas deferens. The last category is used for copulation, and spermatozoa deposition (sperm) in men, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens, and Cowper glands.
The main secondary sexual characteristics include: greater stature, more muscular, deeper voice, facial and body hair, broad shoulders, and development of apples. The important male sexual hormones are androgens, and especially testosterone.
The testes release hormones that control the development of sperm. This hormone is also responsible for the development of physical characteristics in men such as facial hair and deep voice.
Female
The human female reproductive system is a set of organs primarily located within the body and around the pelvic area of ​​women that contribute to the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vulva, which leads to the vagina, the opening of the vagina, to the uterus; the uterus, which holds the developing fetus; and ovaries, which produce female eggs. Breasts are involved during the reproductive parenting stage, but in most classifications they are not considered part of the female reproductive system.
The vagina fills the outside of the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and urethra; during sexual intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by Bartholin's gland. The vagina attaches to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovary through the fallopian tubes. Each ovary contains hundreds of eggs or ova (single ovum ).
Approximately every 28 days, the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates a portion of the ovum to grow and grow. One ovum is released and passes the fallopian tube to the uterus. The hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. It sita him and wait for the sperm to conception to occur. When this does not happen there is no sperm for fertilization, the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and the unfertilized egg is released every cycle through the menstrual process. If the egg is fertilized by sperm, it attaches to the endometrium and the fetus develops.
Other mammals
Most mammalian reproductive systems are similar, however, there are some striking differences between non-human and human mammals. For example, most male mammals have a penis that is internally stored upright, and most have a penis or baculum bone. In addition, males of most species do not remain sexually fertile like humans. Like humans, most groups of mammals have descending testicles found in the scrotum; however, others have descending testicles located on the ventral walls of the body, and some groups of mammals, such as elephants, have undescended testicles found deep in their body cavities near their kidneys.
The marsupial reproductive system is unique because females have two vaginas, both of which are open externally through one hole but lead to different compartments in the uterus; Men usually have a two-pronged penis, which corresponds to two female vaginas. Marsupials typically develop their children in an external pouch containing nipples used by their newborn children (joeys) to build a uterine post. Also, marsupials have a unique prepenial scrotum. The new 15mm (5/8 in) long-born joey instinctively crawled and stretched a few inches (15 cm), while clinging to the feathers, en route to the parent pouch.
The uterus and vagina are unique to homologous mammals in birds, reptiles, amphibians, or fish. In the uterus the other vertebrate group has an unmodified channel that leads directly to the cloaca, which is a joint outlet for gametes, urine, and feces. Monotremata (ie, platypus and echidnas), a group of spawning mammals, also have no uterus and vagina, and in that it has a reptile-like reproductive system.
Dog
In domestic canine teeth, sexual maturity (puberty) occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 months for men and women, although this can be delayed up to two years for some large breeds.
Horses
The horse reproductive system is responsible for controlling pregnancy, birth, and lactation, as well as the estrus cycle and its mating behavior. The horse reproductive system is responsible for sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics (such as the big symbol).
Bird
Male and female birds have cloaca, slit through eggs, sperm, and waste passing. An intimate relationship is done by pressing the cloacal lips together, sometimes known as the intromittent organ known as the phallus analogous to the mammalian penis. The female lays an amniotic egg in which the young fetus continues to grow after leaving the female body. Unlike most vertebrates, female birds usually have only one ovary and a functional ovary. As a group, birds, such as mammals, are noted for their high level of parental care.
Reptile
Reptiles are almost sexually dimorphic, and show internal fertilization through the cloaca. Some reptiles lay eggs while others are vivipar (animals that give birth to young). The reproductive organs are found in the reptile cloaca. Most male reptiles have copulating organs, which are usually pulled or reversed and stored in the body. In tortoises and crocodiles, males have organs like a single median penis, while male and lizard snakes each have a pair of penis-like organs. Amphibians Amphibians
Most amphibians exhibit external fertilization of eggs, usually in water, although some amphibians such as caecilians have internal fertilization. All have paired, internal gonads, connected to the channel to the cloaca.
Fish
Fish show off different reproductive strategies. Most fish, however, are diverse and show external fertilization. In this process, women use their cloaca to release large amounts of their gametes, called seeds into water and one or more men release "milt", a white liquid containing many sperm on unfertilized eggs. Other fish species are vegetated and have internal fertilization assisted by an abdominal fin or anal fin that is modified into an intromitent organ analogous to a human penis. A small number of fish species are either vivipar or ovoviviparous, and are collectively known as livebearers.
Fish gonads are usually paired either ovaries or testes. Most fish are sexually dimorphic but some species are hermaphrodite or singular.
Invertebrates
Invertebrates have a very diverse reproductive system, the only similarity is that they all lay their eggs. In addition, in addition to squid and arthropods, almost all other invertebrates are hermaphroditic and exhibit external fertilization.
Cephalopoda
All cephalopods are sexually dimorphic and reproduce by laying eggs. Most cephalopods have semi-internal fertilization, in which men place their gametes in the cavity of the female mantle or the palus cavity to fertilize the ovum found in a single female ovary. Likewise, male cephalopods have only single testes. In women of most cephalopods, the nidamental gland helps in the development of the egg cell.
The "penis" of most uncoated male cephalopods (Coleoidea) is the long, muscular end of a gonoduk used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called hectocotylus. Which in turn is used to transfer spermatophores to females. In species where the hectocotylus is lost, the "penis" is long and is able to transcend the mantle cavity and transfer the spermatophores directly to the female.
Insects
Most insects reproduce freely, by laying eggs. Eggs are produced by women in a pair of ovaries. Sperm, produced by men in one testis or more commonly two, is transmitted to females during mating with external genital devices. Sperm is stored in the female in one or more spermathecae. At fertilization, the egg runs along the fallopian tubes to be fertilized by sperm and then removed from the body ("laid"), in many cases through the ovipositor.
Arachnid
Arachnids may have one or two gonads, located in the abdomen. The opening of the genitalia is usually located at the bottom of the second abdominal segment. In most species, men transfer sperm to females in one package, or spermatophore. Complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure safe sperm delivery to females.
Arachnids usually lay eggs yolky, which hatch into adult human resembling adults. Scorpions, however, are either ovoviviparous or viviparous, depending on the species, and the bear lives young.
Maps Reproductive system
Plants
Among all living organisms, the flowers, which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms, are the most physically varying and show a great diversity in reproductive methods. Plants that are not flowering plants (green algae, mosses, liverworts, horn moss, ferns and gymnosperms like conifers) also have a complicated mixture of morphological adaptations and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. Breeding systems, or how sperm from one plant fertilize another, depend on the reproductive morphology, and are the most important determinants of the genetic structure of non-clonal plant populations. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it is understood that the process of pollination involves biotic and abiotic interactions.
Mushroom
The reproduction of fungi is complex, reflecting differences in lifestyle and genetic makeup within the kingdom of this diverse organism. It is estimated that one-third of all fungi multiply using more than one propagation method; for example, reproduction can occur in two distinct stages in the species life cycle, teleomorph and anamorph. Environmental conditions trigger a genetically determined state of development that leads to the creation of special structures for sexual or asexual reproduction. This structure helps reproduction by spreading spores or spores containing spores efficiently.
See also
- The main system of the human body
- Reproductive system disease
- Human sexuality
- Human sexual behavior
- Embed sexuality
- Meiosis
References
Literature quoted
- Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). Mycology Introduction . John Wiley and Sons. ISBNÃ, 0-471-52229-5 < span> Ã,
- Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, JA Stalpers (2008). Mushroom Dictionary (issue 10). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. ISBNÃ, 0-85199-826-7
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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