The punctuation (formerly sometimes called pointing ) is the use of spaces, conventional signs, and certain typography devices as a tool for correct reading and reading, whether secretly and hard, from handwritten and printed texts. Another explanation is: "Exercises, actions, or systems include points or other small marks into the text, to aid in the interpretation, the division of text into sentences, clauses, etc., by using such a sign."
In written English, punctuation is very important to interpret the meaning of the sentence. For example: "woman, without her husband, nothing" (emphasizing the importance of men), and "woman: without him, man does not mean" (emphasizing the importance of women) has a very different meaning; as well as "eating shoots and leaves" (meaning the subject consumes plant growth) and "eat, shoot, and leaf" (meaning the subject eats first, then fires weapons, and then leaves the scene). The sharp differences in meanings are generated by the simple differences in punctuation in paired examples, especially the latter.
The rules of punctuation vary with language, location, list and time and growing. Certain aspects of punctuation are the style and thus the choice of the author (or editor), or the tachygraphic language form, as used in online chats and text messages.
Video Punctuation
History
The first writing system is logographic or syllable - for example, Chinese and Maya manuscripts - which do not necessarily require punctuation, especially spaces. This is because all morphemes or words are usually grouped in one glyph, so distance does not help much to distinguish where one word ends and the other begins. Disambiguation and emphasis can be easily communicated without punctuation by using a separate written form that is different from the oral form of the language using slightly different phrases. Even today, written English differs subtly from spoken English because not all emphasis and disambiguation are possible to be delivered in print, even with punctuation.
Ancient Chinese classical texts are transmitted without punctuation. However, many bamboo texts of the War Country period contain symbols? ? and ??? showing the end of the chapter and the full stop, respectively. With the Song dynasty, the addition of punctuation to the text by scholars to help understanding become common.
The earliest alphabetical writing has no capital letters, no spaces, no vowels and some punctuation. This works as long as subject material is limited to a limited range of topics (for example, posts used to record business transactions). Historical punctuation is a help to read aloud.
The oldest document known to use punctuation is Mesha Stele (9th century BC). It uses the point between the words and the horizontal strokes between the senses as punctuation.
Western Antiquity
Most of the text is still written in scriptura continua , ie without separation between words. However, Greeks sporadically use punctuation that consists of vertically arranged points - usually two (dicolon) or three (tricolon) - around the 5th century bc as an aid in Oral text submission. Greek dramatists such as Euripides and Aristophanes use symbols to distinguish the phrase ends in written dramas: this basically helps dramas to know when to stop. After 200 bc , the Greeks used the Aristophanes system of Byzantium (called thÃÆ' Â © seis ) from a point ( punctus ) placed at the height varying to mark the speech in the rhetorical division:
- hypostigm? - the lowest point punctus on the baseline to mark komma (unit smaller than clause);
- stigma? mÃÆ'Ã… © s? - a punctus in the middle of the night to mark the clause ( kon lon ); and
- stigma? teleÃÆ'a - high punctus to mark a sentence ( periodos ).
In addition, Greeks use paragraphs (or gamma) to mark the beginning of sentences, marginal quotes to mark quotes, and coronis to indicate the end of the main part.
The first century bc also sometimes used symbols to indicate pause, but the Greek thÃÆ' Â © seis - under the name difference - applies to 4th-century ads as reported by Aelius Donatus and Isidore from Seville (7th century). Also, texts are sometimes styled per capitula , in which each sentence has its own separate line. Diples are used, but at the end of this period often turn into a comma.
Medieval
Punctuation grows dramatically when large numbers of copies of the Bible begin to be produced. It was designed to be read aloud so the copyists began to introduce signs to help the reader, including indentation, various punctuation (diple, paragraph, simplex ductus), and early versions of the original capital ( litterae notabiliores ). Jerome and his colleagues, who make the translation of the Bible into Latin, Vulgate ca . ad 400), use a layout system based on established practices to teach the speeches of Demosthenes and Cicero. Under its layout per cola et commata each sensory unit is indented and given its own line. This layout was only used for biblical manuscripts during the 5th-9th century but was abandoned for punctuation.
In the 7th to 8th century, Irish and Anglo-Saxon linguists, whose original language did not come from Latin, added more visual cues to make the text easier to understand. Irish scribes introduced the practice of word separation. Likewise, insular writing experts adopt the system differences while adapting them to very small scripts (to be more prominent) using a height that is not different but more number of different marks - horizontally aligned (or sometimes triangular) --to indicate pause value: one mark for minor break, two for medium, and three for majors. The most common are punctus , comma-shaped, and 7-shaped signals ( positura coma ), often used in combination. The same mark can be used in the margin to mark quotes.
At the end of the 8th century different systems emerged in France under the Carolingian dynasty. Initially showing how sounds should be modulated when singing liturgy, positurae migrate to any text intended to be read, and then to all manuscripts. Positurae first reached Britain at the end of the 10th century probably during the Benedictine reform movement, but was not adopted until after the Norman conquest. The original positurae is punctus , punctus elevatus , punctus versus , and punctus interrogativus , but the fifth symbol, punctus flexus , was added in the 10th century to show the pause value between punctus and punctus elevatus . At the end of the 11th/early 12th century, punctus versus disappeared and was taken over by a simple punctus (now with two different values).
The late Middle Ages saw the addition of the virgula suspensiva (slash or slash with the midpoint) often used together with punctus for different types of pauses. Direct quotes are marked with a marginal diploma, as in Antiquity, but from at least the 12th century scribes also began inserting diples (sometimes doubled) in text columns.
Print-press era
The number of printed materials and readers began to increase after the invention of the movable type in Europe in the 1450s. As explained by author and editor Lynne Truss, "The advent of printing in the 14th and 15th centuries means that a standard system of punctuation is urgently needed." The introduction of the standard punctuation system has also been linked to Venetian printers Aldus Manutius and his grandchildren. They have been credited with popularizing the practice of ending a sentence with a colon or full stop, creating a semicolon, making occasional use of parentheses and creating modern coma by lowering virgul. In 1566, the Young Aldus Manutius was able to declare that the main object of punctuation was a syntax clarification.
In the nineteenth century, punctuation in the western world has evolved "to classify hierarchical signs, in terms of weight". Cecil Hartley's poem identifies their relative values:
- Stop-off point, with truth, pause time
- Required sentence in the eva clause.
- In ev'ry coma, stop when one you count;
- At the semicolon, two is the number;
- A colon takes three ;
- The four period, as the men agree.
The use of punctuation is not standardized until after the invention of print. According to the 1885 edition of The American Printer , the importance of punctuation is recorded in various speech by children such as:
- Charles the First walks and talks
- Half an hour after his head was cut off.
With a semicolon and a comma added it reads:
- First Charles walks and speaks;
- Half an hour later, his head was cut off.
In the typographic manual of the nineteenth century, Thomas MacKellar wrote:
Shortly after the invention of printing, the need to stop or pause in the sentence for the reader's guidance produces a colon and a full point. In the process of time, a comma is added, which is then only a perpendicular line, proportional to the body of the letter. These three points are the only ones used until the end of the 15th century, when Aldo Manuccio gave better forms to coma, and added a semicolon; a coma showing the shortest pause, the next semicolon, then a colon, and the full point ending the sentence. Signs of interrogation and admiration were introduced many years later.
Electronic typewriters and communications
The introduction of electrical telegraphy with a limited set of transmission and typing code codes with a limited set of buttons affects punctuation subtly. For example, quotes and quotes are all torn down into two characters ('and'). Dashes, minus marks, and various width lines are collapsed into one character (-, sometimes repeated as - to show long line marks) Spaces with different widths available for professional typesetters are generally replaced by a single full-width character space, with monospaced typography. In some cases the keyboard of the typewriter does not include an exclamation point (!) But this is constructed by overstrike of quotes and periods, the original Morse code does not represent an exclamation mark at all.
This simplification is brought forward into digital writing, with the teleprinter and ASCII character set essentially supporting the same character as the typewriter. The empty space treatment in HTML minifies the practice (in English prose) places two full spaces after the full stop, because one or two spaces will appear the same on the screen. (Some style guides now prevent double space, and some electronic stationery automatically break down the double space into a single.) A full set of traditional lettering tools becomes available with the advent of more sophisticated desktop publishing and word processors. Despite the widespread adoption of character sets such as Unicode that support traditional type punctuation, text-based forms tend to use simplified ASCII readings, with the addition of new non-text characters such as emoji. Talking informal texts tends to drop punctuation when not needed, including some ways that would be considered an error in more formal writing.
In the computer age, punctuation characters are recycled for use in programming languages ​​and data representations like in URLs. Because of its use in email and Twitter handles, the sign goes from an obscure character that is mostly used by merchants (and not professional typing) to characters that are very common in general usage for both technical routing and abbreviations for "at".
Maps Punctuation
English punctuation
There are two main styles of punctuation in English: English or American. These two styles differ mainly in the way they handle quotes, especially in relation to other punctuation. In English English, punctuation marks like dots and commas are placed outside the closing quotation marks; in American English, however, punctuation is placed inside the closing quotes. This rule varies for other punctuation; for example, American English follows English English rules when it comes to semicolons, colons, question marks, and exclamation points.
Other languages ​​
Other languages ​​in Europe use many of the same punctuation marks as English. The similarity is so strong that some variations may confuse the original English reader. Quotes vary widely across European languages. For example, in French and Russian, quotes will appear as: Ã, Ã, Je suis fatiguÃÆ'Â ©.Ã, Ã, Â »(in French, each" double punctuation ", as a guillemet, requires non- breaking; in Russian no).
In French France, the signs are : ; ? and ! is always preceded by a thin space that can not be solved. In Canada, this is just the case for : .
In Greek, the question mark is written as an English coma, while the colon and semicolon functions are performed by the raised dot (Ã, Â ·), known as ano teleia ( ???????? ).
In Georgia, three dots, ???, were previously used as sentence or paragraph dividers. Sometimes still used in calligraphy.
Spain uses an inverted question mark (¿) at the beginning of the question and a normal question mark at the end, as well as an inverse exclamation point (Ã,¡) at the start of the call and a normal exclamation mark at the end.
Armenians use some punctuation themselves. Full stop is represented by colon, and vice versa; an exclamation mark is represented by a diagonal similar to tilde (~), while a question mark (?) resembles an uncovered circle placed after the last vowel of the word.
Arabic, Urdu, and Persian - written from right to left - use inverted question marks:?, And inverted coma:?. This is a modern innovation; Pre-modern Arabic does not use punctuation. The Hebrew language, which is also written from right to left, uses the same characters as in English, "," and "?".
Initially, Sanskrit did not have punctuation. In the 17th century, Sanskrit and Marathi, both written using the Devanagari, began using vertical bars (? ) to end the prose and double vertical bars (? ) in the verse.
Punctuation was not used in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean writing until the adoption of punctuation from the West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In unbound texts, the grammatical structure of sentences in classical writing is inferred from the context. Most punctuation marks in modern Chinese, Japanese, and Korean have similar functions to their English counterparts; however, they often look different and have different custom rules.
In the Indian subcontinent, : - is sometimes used instead of a colon or after subheadings. Its origins are unclear, but it can be a remnant of the British Raj. Another common punctuation in Indian Subcontinent to write the amount of money is the use of/- or/= after the number. For example, Rs. 20/- or Rs. 20/= means 20 rupees intact.
Thai did not use punctuation until the adoption of punctuation from the West in the 20th century. The empty space is more often than a full stop or a coma.
More information: Armenian punctuation, Chinese punctuation, Hebrew punctuation, Japanese punctuation, and Korean punctuation.
new read punctuation
"Love point" and similar mark
In 1966, the French writer HervÃÆ' Â © Bazin proposed a series of six innovative punctuation in his book Plumons l'Oiseau ("Let's take the bird", 1966). This is:
- "irony point" or "irony sign" (point d'ironie:?)
- "love point" (point d'amour :)
- "point of certainty" (point de conviction :)
- the "authority point" (point d'autoritÃÆ' Â © :)
- "acclamation point" (point d'acclamation :)
- the "doubt point" (point de doute :)
"Coma Question", "exclamation point "
An international patent application was filed, and published in 1992 under the WO9219458 Working Number (WO), for the two new punctuation marks: "question comma" and "exclamation mark". The comma question has a comma, not the dot at the bottom of the question mark, while the comma exclamation has a comma in place of the dot at the bottom of the marking exclamation mark. It is meant to be used as a question mark and exclamation mark in a sentence, a function that question marks and exclamation points can also be used, but which can be considered obsolete. The patent application goes into the national phase only in Canada. It was advertised as unconscious in Australia on January 27, 1994 and in Canada on November 6, 1995.
In computing
Various character sets are referred to as "punctuation" in certain computational situations, many of which are also used to emphasize natural language. Sometimes non-punctuation in the natural language sense (such as "& amp;" which is not a punctuation but abbreviation for "and") is included.
General Punctuation and Additional Punctuation are Unicode symbol blocks.
In a regular expression, the character class [: punct:] is defined to consist of the following characters (when operating in ASCII mode): [] [! "# $% & Amp; '() *,./:; & lt; = & gt ;? @ \ ^ _` {|} ~ -]
See also
- James while John has a better influence on the teacher, the word puzzle in which the correct punctuation should be added to give the meaning of the sentence
- Obelism, the practice of annotation of the manuscript with the mark specified in the margin
- Orthography, a category of written conventions that includes punctuation and spelling, subtlety of sentences, capitalization, words and emphases
- Scribal abbreviation, an abbreviation used by ancient and medieval scribes in Latin
- Terminal punctuation
- History of sentence spacing for typographic breakdown
- Tironian notes, fast writing system consisting of about 4,000 marks
- Usage
References
Note
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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