Pharmacists , also known as chemistry (Commonwealth English) or druggists (North America and, by definition, Commonwealth English), are health practicing professionals in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focuses on the safe and effective use of drugs. A pharmacist is a member of a health care team that is directly involved with patient care. Pharmacists undergo a university-level education to understand the mechanisms of biochemistry and drug action, drug use, therapeutic role, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. This is mated with anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specific knowledge to patients, doctors, and other health care providers.
Among other licensing terms, different countries require pharmacists to have a Bachelor's Degree in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Master, or Pharmacy Doctorate degree.
The most common pharmacist position is a community pharmacist (also called a retail pharmacist , first-line pharmacy or chemical expenditure ), or a hospital pharmacist , where they instruct and advise on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medications. In most countries, this profession is subject to professional regulations. Depending on the scope of legal practice, pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as "pharmacist prescriptions") and the administration of certain drugs (eg immunizations) in some jurisdictions. Pharmacists can also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, wholesale, research, academia, the military, and government.
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Nature of work
Historically, the fundamental role of pharmacists as health practitioners is to examine and distribute drugs to doctors for prescribed treatment for patients. In modern times, pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosage, interaction, and drug side effects, and act as intermediaries studied between prescriber and patients. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure safe and effective drug use. Pharmacists can practice compounding; However, many drugs are now produced by pharmaceutical companies in the form of standard doses and drug delivery. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have prescriptive authority either independently prescribing under their own authority or in collaboration with the primary care physician through an agreed protocol.
The increasing number of drug therapies, aging, more knowledgeable and demanding populations, and shortcomings in other areas of the health care system seem to encourage increased demand for clinical counseling skills from pharmacists. One of the most important roles currently employed by pharmacists is one of the pharmaceutical treatments. Pharmacy treatments involve taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease state, medicines, and management respectively to improve results. Pharmaceutical treatments have many possible benefits including but not limited to: decreased treatment error; improved patient adherence in a treatment regimen; better management of chronic state diseases, including hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors; a strong pharmacist-patient relationship; and reduce the cost of long-term medical care.
Pharmacists are often the first point of contact for patients with health questions. Thus pharmacists have an important role in assessing drug management in patients, and referring patients to a doctor. This role may include, but is not limited to:
- clinical treatment management, including reviewing and monitoring treatment regimens
- assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions, and ensuring clinical drug management needs
- special monitoring of the state of the disease, such as drug dosage of kidney and liver failure
- compounding medicine
- provide pharmacy information
- provide patients with health monitoring and advice, including advice and treatment of common diseases and disease states
- supervise pharmacy technicians and other staff
- prescription drug delivery
- provisions and counseling on non-prescription or over-the-counter medicines
- education and counseling for patients and other health care providers about optimal drug use (eg, appropriate use, avoidance of over-indication)
- referral to other health professionals if necessary
- pharmacokinetic evaluation
- promote public health by managing immunization
- confirm the truth of all drug labels including additional labels
Education and credentials
The role of pharmacy education, licensing of pharmacists, and continuing education varies from country to country and between regions/regions within the country. In most countries, pharmacists must obtain a university degree in a pharmacy school or a related institution, and/or meet other national/local credential requirements. In many contexts, students must first complete a pre-professional (undergraduate) course, followed by approximately four years of professional academic studies to earn degrees in pharmacy (such as Pharmacy Doctorate). Pharmacists are trained in pharmacology, pharmacogniosis, chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, microbiology, pharmaceutical practice (including drug interactions, drug monitoring, pharmaceutical management), pharmacy, pharmaceutical law, physiology, anatomy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug administration, pharmacy, nephrology, hepatology, and compounding of drugs. The supplementary curriculum may include diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapy and prescribing (choosing the most appropriate medication for a given patient).
At graduation, pharmacists are licensed, nationally and regionally, to remove drugs of various kinds in areas they have practiced. Some may undergo further specialized training, such as in cardiology or oncology.
Practice specialization
Features include:
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Training and training by country
Australia
The Australian Pharmacy Council is an independent accreditation body for Australian pharmacists. It conducts an examination on behalf of the Australian Pharmaceutical Board toward eligibility for registration. The Australian College of Pharmacy provides ongoing education programs for pharmacists.
Wages for pharmacists in Australia seem to be stagnating. The reward for a pharmacist is $ 812 a week. Graduate pharmacists are university graduates for the lowest paid almost every year. Most pharmacists earn income above the reward; the average male pharmacist earns $ 65,000, the average female pharmacist $ 56,500. Over the past few years, wages have stagnated, and even retreated. There are more graduates expected in the next few years making it harder to get a job. Job security and increased wages associated with the CPI may not be possible. This is due to the large number of pharmaceutical graduates in recent years, and the government's desire to lower the cost of PBS. Contracts and casual work are becoming more common. A contract pharmacist is self-employed and is often called lokum; This pharmacist may be employed for one shift or for a longer period of time. There are currently underemployed and underemployed accounts.
Canada
The Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) is a national profession organization for pharmacists in Canada. Specific requirements for practice vary across provinces, but generally include Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy from recognized universities, successful completion of national council checks through the Canadian Pharmaceutical Examining Council, and practical experience through apprenticeship/internship programs.
Most (80%) of Canadian licensed pharmacists work in community pharmacies, 15 per cent in hospitals or institutional pharmacies, and the rest work in situations that may not legally require licensed pharmacists such as associations, pharmaceutical companies, and consulting firms. Wages for pharmacists, around CAD $ 95,000, have been said slightly better than Australia but not as good as in the US. This may depend on which parts of Canada and/or the United States are compared. Significantly higher wages in Canada than for most developing countries, recruitment of pharmacists from South Africa and other countries with acute health care shortages to work in private franchising chains are subject to controversy.
- British Columbia
A Pharmacist should be enrolled at the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia to practice in the province. The Bachelor of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences is a minimum requirement to practice as a pharmacist in BC. The University of British Columbia is the only institution in the province that trains pharmacists. Professional associations include the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia and the British Columbia Pharmacy Association.
- Alberta
The University of Alberta is the only institution in the province that awarded a pharmacy degree, offering a Pharmacy degree program and a Pharmacy Doctor. Pharmacists must be enrolled in the Alberta College of Pharmacists to practice in Alberta.
- Ontario
The Ontario College of Pharmacists licenses to practice as a Pharmacist in the province of Ontario. International pharmacy graduates must successfully complete the Pharmacist Examiner Exam and Pharmacist Qualification Exam along with Student and Apprenticeship to be registered as a Pharmacist in Ontario. Canadian graduates of the pharmacy program may take a qualification exam directly without an evaluation exam.
German
In Germany, education and training are divided into three parts, each ending with a state examination:
- University: Basic studies (at least four semesters)
- University: Main study (at least four semesters)
- Community Pharmacy/Hospital/Industrial Pharmacy: Practical training (12 months, 6 months in Community Pharmacy).
Upon examination of a third country a person must obtain a license as an RPh ("registered pharmacist") for a license for pharmaceutical practice. Today, many pharmacists work as employees in public pharmacies. They will be paid in accordance with the employment agreement of Adexa and the employers' association.
Japanese
History
In ancient Japan, men who fulfilled a similar role with pharmacists were respected. Where pharmacists in the community settled in Taih? Code (701) and declare it back in Y? R? Code (718). The ranking position in the pre-Heian Imperial palace was established; and this organizational structure remains largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, pharmacists - and even pharmacist assistants - are given higher status than others in health-related fields such as doctors and acupuncturists. In Imperial households, pharmacists are even ranked in the top two personal physicians of the Emperor.
Contemporary
In 1997, 46 pharmaceutical universities in Japan produced about 8000 students annually. The clinical practice of clinical pharmacists in Japan (as evaluated in September 2000) focuses on drug delivery, consultation with patients, provision of drug information, advising on prescription changes and changing prescriptions. These practices have been associated with a decrease in the median number of prescription drugs, drug costs and adverse adverse events.
Nigeria
Training to become a Pharmacist registered in Nigeria involves a five-year course after six years of high school/high school or four years after eight years of high school/high school (ie after 2 years of advanced study at an accredited University). The degree given by most Pharmacy Schools today is the Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree (B.Pharm.) However, in the near future, all schools will offer a first 6 year degree program leading to Pharm.D awards (Doctor of Pharmaceutical Degree). The University of Benin has started a Pharm.D program with other pharmacy schools that are planning to begin soon. Pharmacy Degree in Nigeria is not classified ie granted without first grade, upper second grade, etc., but graduates may be granted with Distinctions in specific fields such as Farmaceutics, Pharmacology, medical chemistry etc. Pharmacy graduates are required to undergo a 1-year Tutelage under the supervision of a Registered Pharmacist (supervisor) at a recognized and designated Institution before they can become Registered Pharmacists. The profession is governed by a government legal entity called the Nigerian Pharmacist Council. The Post-Graduate Pharmacy Academy of West Africa runs a post-registration course on advanced practice in various pharmacies. This is a college funded jointly by a number of countries in the sub-region of West Africa. There are thousands of registered Registered and Registered Nigerian Pharmacists in countries like USA, UK, Canada etc., due to the relatively poor public sector salary in Nigeria.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a postgraduate professional doctoral degree. Twenty-one universities are registered in the Pharmacy Board of Pakistan to deliver Pharmacy lessons. In 2004, the Pakistan Higher Education Commission and the Pakistan Pharmacy Council revised the syllabus and changed the 4 year Pharmacy (Pharmacy) Program to Pharm.D 5 years. (Physician Pharmacy) program. All 21 universities have started the 5-year Pharm.D Program. In 2011, the Pakistan Pharmacy Council approved the award of a Pharmacy Doctorate, a five-year program at the Pharmacy Department, Peshawar University.
Polish
Polish pharmacists must complete a 5-and-a-half-year Master's Degree Program in Pharmacy and obtain the Right to Practice as a Pharmacist in Poland from the District Pharmaceutical Council. This program includes 6 month pharmacy training. The Polish name for the Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm.) Degree is magister farmacji (farm mgr). Not only pharmacists, but also pharmaceutical technicians are allowed to prescribe medicines, except narcotics, psychotropic drugs, and highly potent drugs. The pharmacist approved a prescription that was filled with a later pharmaceutical technician. Pharmacy technicians must complete 2 years of post-secondary school work and pharmacy training 2 years later. Pharmacists are qualified to prescribe medicines in exceptional circumstances. All Polish pharmacies are required to produce multiple medicines. Most pharmacists in Poland are pharmaceutical managers and are responsible for pharmaceutical marketing in addition to traditional activities. To become a pharmaceutical manager in Poland, a pharmacist is expected to have at least 5 years of professional experience. All pharmacists in Poland must maintain an adequate level of knowledge by participating in various coursework and university and industry settings or by undergoing postgraduate specialization.
Swedish
In Sweden, the national health and welfare council regulates the practice of all legal health care professionals, and is also responsible for pharmacist registration in the country. Education to become a licensed pharmacist is regulated by the EU, and states that the minimum educational requirement is a five-year university study in a pharmaceutical program, of which six months must become a pharmaceutical intern. To be accepted in pharmaceutical studies, students must complete a minimum of three years of gymnasium, similar to secondary school (a school for students about 15-20 years) courses in natural sciences after elementary school (6-16 years). Only three universities throughout Sweden offer pharmacy education, Uppsala University, where the Faculty of Pharmacy is located, the University of Gothenburg, and the University of UmeÃÆ'  ¥. In Sweden, the pharmacist is called Apotekare . At pharmacies in Sweden, pharmacists work with other classes of approved health care professionals called Receptariers , in English called prescriptionists , who have completed studies equivalent to scholars of science in a pharmacy, that is, a three-year university. Prescription experts also have the right to spend money in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, the federal public health office regulates pharmaceutical practices. Four universities in Switzerland offer majors in pharmacy studies, Basel University, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, and ETH Zurich. For pharmaceutical studies majors require at least five years. Students spend their final year as apprentices at pharmacies in combination with university courses, focusing on prescription validation and pharmaceutical formulation. Since all public health professions are governed by the government, you also need to obtain a federal diploma to work in a pharmacy. Not infrequently majoring in pharmaceutical studies work in other fields such as the pharmaceutical industry or in hospitals. Pharmacists work with a pharmacy assistant , an internship that takes three years to complete. Pharmacists can be more specialized in various fields, organized by the PharmaSuisse Association of Swiss Pharmacists.
Tanzania
In Tanzania, pharmaceutical practice is regulated by the National Pharmaceutical Agency, which is also responsible for pharmacist registration in the country. According to international standards, pharmacist density is very low, with an average of 0.18 per 10,000 population. The majority of pharmacists are found in urban areas, with some underserved areas having only 2 pharmacists per region. According to 2007-2009 data, the largest pharmacist group is employed in the public sector (44%). Those who work in private retail pharmacies are 23%, and the rest mostly work for private wholesalers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, in academia/teaching, or with religious or non-governmental facilities. Pharmaceutical salaries vary significantly depending on the workplace. Those who work in academia are the highest paid ones followed by those working in multilateral nongovernmental organizations. The public sector including public retail pharmacies and faith-based organizations pay far less. The Department of Health's salary scales for physicians are much higher than the number of pharmacists despite having only one year of training.
United Kingdom
In the UK, most pharmacists work in the National Health Service practice at hospital pharmacies or community pharmacies. Pharmacists may conduct additional training to enable them to prescribe drugs for certain conditions. The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that there were nearly 3,000 pharmacists working in hospitals and public health services in Britain at the time. They are enthusiastic about the idea that pharmacists can develop their role of advising the public.
In English English (and to some extent English English), a professional degree known as a "pharmacist" is also known as "issuing chemistry" or, more generally, "chemist" . A costly chemist usually operates from a pharmacy store or pharmacy (also called a "drug store" elsewhere), and is allowed to meet medical prescriptions and sell over-the-counter drugs and other health-related items.
The new professional role for pharmacists as preskriber has been recognized in the UK since May 2006, called "Independent Pharmacist Prescriber". Upon qualification, an independent pharmacist may prescribe any licensed medication for any medical condition in their competence. This includes drugs that are monitored except schedule 1 and prescribe certain drugs for the treatment of addiction (cocaine, heroin and dipipanone).
Education and registration
Pharmacists, pharmaceutical technicians and pharmacies in the UK are governed by the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) for England, Scotland and Wales and by the Northern Ireland Pharmaceutical Society for Northern Ireland. The role of regulatory agencies and professionals on the mainland was previously conducted by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, which remains as a professional body after submitting regulatory roles to GPhC in 2010.
The following criteria must be met for qualification as a pharmacist in the UK (Northern Ireland and GPhC agencies operate separately but have similar registration requirements):
- Successfully complete a 4-year Master of Pharmacy degree at a GPhC accredited university. Pharmacists holding degrees in Pharmacy from overseas institutions can fulfill this stage by conducting the Overseas Pharmacist Assessment Program (OSPAP), which is a one-year postgraduate diploma. After completing OSPAP, candidates will continue the stages of the other enrollment process in the same manner as a UK student.
- Completion of pre-registration training period for 52 weeks. This is a paid or unpaid period of work, at an approved hospital or community pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist teacher. During this time the student must gather evidence to meet certain competency standards established by GPhC.
- A pass in the GPhC enrollment assessment (formal exam). These include closed bookcase and open/mental book counting paper (using the British National Formulary and the "Ethics and Performance Behavior" GPhC as reference source) Students must achieve an overall score of 70%, which must include at least 70% calculations on open book papers Starting June 2016, the assessment will involve two papers, as before but the use of a calculator will now be allowed, but the reference source is no longer permitted in the judgment.In contrast, relevant extracts from the British National Formulary will be given in the scoring paper.
- Satisfactorily meets GPhC Fitness Standards to Practice.
United States
In 2014, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that there are 297,100 American pharmacist jobs. By 2024 that number is projected to grow by 3%. The majority (65%) of the pharmacists work in retail settings, mostly as salaried employees but some as self-employed owners. Approximately 22% work in hospitals, and the rest mainly in Internet posts or pharmacies, pharmaceutical wholesalers, physician practices, and Federal Government.
All graduate pharmacists should now earn a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Degree before they are eligible to enter the North American Pharmacist License Test (NAPLEX) to enter into pharmaceutical practice.
Accreditation of Pharmacy School
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) was established in 1932 as an accrediting body for pharmaceutical schools in the United States. ACPE's mission is "To guarantee and advance excellence in education for the pharmaceutical profession." ACPE is recognized for accreditation of professional degree programs by the United States Department of Education (USDE) and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). Since 1975, ACPE has also become an accrediting body for continuing pharmacy education. The board of directors of ACPE is appointed by the Association of American Pharmacies (AACP), the American Pharmacist Association (APhA), the National Pharmacy Association (NABP) (each of three appointments), and the American Board of Education (one promise). To obtain a license in the United States, applicants to the North American Pharmacist License Test (NAPLEX) must graduate from an accredited pharmacy school ACPE. ACPE publishes standards that pharmacy schools must adhere to in order to gain accreditation. Pharmacy Schools pursuing accreditation must first register and be granted Pre-candidate status. These schools have met all the requirements of accreditation, but have not enrolled students. This status indicates that the pharmacy school has developed its program in accordance with ACPE standards and guidelines. After the school enrolls the students, but does not yet have a graduation class, they can be given Candidate status. The Candidate Program's hope is that they continue to mature according to the set plan. Graduates of Candidates programs are similar to fully accredited programs. Full accreditation is awarded to a program after they indicate that they comply with the standards set by ACPE. The customary review cycle for accredited accredited programs is six years, while for programs that achieve their initial accreditation, this cycle is two years. This is a comprehensive site evaluation of the program. Additional evaluations may be made at the discretion of ACPE for a time between comprehensive evaluations.
Education
Admission to a pharmacy doctoral program depends on completing specific prerequisites or obtaining a transferable undergraduate degree. The pharmacy school is a four-year graduate school (an accelerated Pharmacy School from January to January and just 3 years old), covering at least one year of practical experience. Graduates receive Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) upon graduation. Most schools require students to take the PCAT Pharmacy Academy Entrance Examination and complete 90 credit hours of university subjects in science, mathematics, composition, and humanity before entering the PharmD program. Due to the enormous admission requirements and highly competitive nature in the field, most pharmacy students complete a bachelor's degree prior to entering a pharmacy school.
Possible prerequisites:
In addition to taking classes, additional requirements before graduation may include a certain number of hours for community service, for example, work in hospitals, clinics, and retail.
Estimated time: 4 years undergraduate 4 years doctoral 1-2 years residency 1-3 years fellowship = 8-13 years
Pharmacy Doctorate (except for non-traditional transfer of licenses from other countries) is the only title accepted by the National Associate of Boards of Pharmaceutical NABP to qualify for "sitting" for the North American Pharmacist License Test (NAPLEX). Earlier the United States had a 5 year bachelor's degree in pharmacy. For graduates of BS Pharmacy currently licensed in the US, there are 10 Universities offering non-traditional doctorate programs through part-time, weekend or online courses. This is a program fully accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) but only available to current BS Pharmacy graduates with licenses for pharmaceutical practice. Some institutions still offer a 6-year accelerated PharmD program (similar to the 6-year MD program), although in both cases, the issuance of a doctorate in less than 8 years is controversial.
Pharm.D at this time. the degree curriculum is much different from the previous curriculum in pharmacies. Today it includes extensive didactic clinical preparation, a full year of hands-on practice experience in a broader set of health care settings, and a greater emphasis on clinical pharmacy practices related to pharmacotherapy optimization. The legal requirements in the US to become a pharmacist include: graduating from an accredited PharmD program, undertaking a number of hours of apprenticeship under a licensed pharmacist (ie 1800 hours in some states), bypassing NAPLEX, and passing the MPJE Multi-State Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence Trial. Arkansas, California, and Virginia have their own exams, not MPJEs and pharmacists must pass the Arkansas Jurisprudence Exam, the California Jurisprudential Exam, and the Virginia Law Exam, respectively.
Residency is an option for graduate which is usually 1-2 years old. A residency provides a patented pharmacist for decades of clinical experience in a very short period of time only a few short years. In order for new graduates to remain competitive, employers generally choose applicants who are trained for clinical positions. This profession is moving towards a trained pharmacist who wants to provide clinical care for patients directly. In 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) required a new professional degree. Graduates from the PharmD program may also choose to conduct fellowships directed for research. Scholarships may vary in length but last 1-3 years depending on the program and usually require a minimum of 1 year of residency.
Specializations and credentials
American pharmacists can become certified in a recognized specialty practice field by providing exams managed by one of several credential boards.
- The Pharmaceutical Specialties Council declares pharmacists in nine specialties:
- Outpatient pharmacy
- Critical care pharmacy
- Geriatric Pharmacy
- Nuclear pharmacies
- Nutritional support pharmacies
- Oncology Pharmacy
- Pediatric Pharmacy
- Pharmacotherapy, which has two subspecialties: cardiology and infectious diseases
- Psychiatric pharmacy
- The Certification Commission at the Geriatric Pharmacy certifies the pharmacist in the practice of geriatric specialization.
- The American Board of Applied Toxicology states pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology.
Earnings and wages
The American Pharmacy Journal of Education in 2014 reported an average salary of about $ 112,160.
According to the "Pharmacy Compensation Survey" 2010:
- Board of Directors of Pharmacy $ 125,200
- Retail Pharmacist $ 113,600
- Hospital Staff Pharmacist $ 111,700
- Mail Order Pharmacist Mail Order $ 109,300
- Clinical Pharmacist $ 113,400
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics - The Occupational Outlook Handbook, Edition 2016-17 , the average annual wage and salary pharmacist of May 2015 is $ 121,500.
Vietnamese
School students must take a national exam to enter a pharmacy university or pharmacy department of the medical and pharmaceutical universities. Approximately 5-7% of students can pass the exam. There are 3 aspects to the exam. These are math, chemistry, and physics or biology. After being trained at university students receive a 5 year bachelor degree in pharmacy. Or they are university pharmacists (university pharmacists to distinguish between college pharmacists or vocational apothecaries in some countries of the pharmacist's world are pharmacist assistant calls). An alternative method of obtaining a bachelor's degree is as follows. School students study at a pharmacy college or vocational school of pharmacy. After attending school or college they go to work. And with two years training they can take the exam to enter the pharmacy university or pharmacy department of the university of medicine and pharmacy. This test is easier than a national exam. Passing the exam they continue studying for a 3 year bachelor's degree or a 4 year bachelor's degree. This degree is considered equivalent to a 5 year bachelor degree.
Carrying people/pharmacists
- Charles Alderton, inventor of Dr. Pepper
- Caleb Bradham, inventor of Pepsi-Cola
- Etienne J. Caire, Louisiana politician
- Buddy Carter, Georgian politician
- John Richard Fowler, Texas politician
- Pravin Gordhan, former South African Finance Minister (2009-14)
- Chuck Hopson, American politician
- Luke Howard, "father of meteorology"
- Hubert Humphrey, US Vice President 1965-69
- David Jack, the research leader who developed the major asthma drug
- Ronnie Johns, American politician
- Bernard LeBas, an American politician
- Fred Mills, American politician
- Edna O'Brien, author and writer of Irish drama
- Hans Christian ÃÆ'ËÅ"rsted, inventor of Danish electromagnetism
- John Pemberton, inventor of Coca-Cola
- Willis Ricketts, American politician
- Friedrich SertÃÆ'¼rner, discovered morphine in 1804
- Jim L. Smithson, Arkansas politician
- Joseph Swan, inventor of the incandescent light bulb
- Jim Wilson, member of Los Angeles City Council
- Ikililou Dhoinine, the politician of Comoros
- Tadeusz Pankiewicz, Polish Activist during World War II at KrakÃÆ'³w Ghetto
See also
- Pharmacist
- Chemist
- Clinical pharmacist
- Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referral Classification
- Pharmacy history
- List of pharmacists
- List of pharmacy associations
- List of pharmacy schools
- Pharmaconomics
- Pharmacy
- Pharmaceutical automation
- Pharmacy technician
- Pharmaceutical residency
References
Further reading
- (in Japanese) Asai, T. (1985). Nyokan T'kai . Tokyo: K? Dan-Sha.
- (in French) Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gah ?, 1652], Nipon o daÃÆ'¯ itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: The United Kingdom and Ireland Eastern Translation Fund... Click the link for digitizing, full-text copy of this book (in French)
External links
- Pharmacy on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
- International Federation of Pharmacy Students (IPSF)
This article incorporates public domain material from a US Government website or document.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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