Indonesia ( Ã, ( listen ) IN -d? - NEE -zh? or IN -doh- NEE -zee -? ; Bahasa Indonesia: [? Ndonesia] ), officially Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republic of Indonesia [r? public? ndonesia] ), is a transcontinental sovereign state located primarily in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania. Located between the Indian and Pacific oceans, this is the largest archipelago country in the world, with over thirteen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometers (735,358 square miles), Indonesia is the 14th largest country in the world in terms of land area and the 7th largest in terms of combined seas and land. With more than 261 million people, it is the 4th most populous country in the world and the most populous country in Austronesia and the Muslim majority. The island of Java, the most populous island in the world, contains more than half the population of the country.
The form of government of the Indonesian republic includes the elected parliament and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have special status. Its capital is Jakarta, which is the second densely populated urban area in the world. The country shares a land border with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and eastern Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Despite its large population and densely populated territory, Indonesia has a vast wilderness area that supports a high level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources such as oil and natural gas, tin, copper and gold. Agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cocoa, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesia's major trading partners are China, the United States, Japan, Singapore and India.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important area for trade since at least the 7th century, when Sriwijaya and then Majapahit were traded with Chinese dynasties and Indian empires. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries AD, and the growing Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. The history of Indonesia has been influenced by foreign powers attracted to its natural resources. Muslim traders and Sufi scholars carry Islam, while European powers carry Christianity and fought with each other to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Era of Discovery. After the Dutch colonial period started from Amboina and Batavia, and eventually all the islands including Timor and New Guinea, sometimes disturbed by the Portuguese, French and British governments, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of different ethnic and linguistic groups, with the dominant ethnic and ethnic groups being Javanese. Collective identity has evolved, defined by national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism in the Muslim majority population, and the history of colonialism and rebellion against it. The national motto of Indonesia, "Unity in Diversity" ("Unity in Diversity" literally , "many, but one"), articulates the diversity that makes up the country. The Indonesian economy is the 16th largest in the world based on nominal GDP and the seventh largest by GDP in PPP. Indonesia is a member of several multilateral organizations, including the UN, the WTO, the IMF and the G20. It is also a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the East Asia Summit, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Organization for Islamic Cooperation.
Video Indonesia
Etimologi
The name Indonesia comes from the Greek name Indos (?????) and the word nesos (?????), meaning "the island Indian Island ". This name dates from the 18th century, long before the establishment of an independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indiesians and his preferences Malayunesians to the Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago population. the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago .However, the writings of Dutch academics in the East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia ; they prefer Malay Archipelago ( Maleische Archipel ); Dutch East Indies ( Nederlandsch Oost IndiÃÆ'Â Â ), popular IndiÃÆ'Â «; East ( de Oost ); and Insulinde .
After 1900, Indonesia became more common among academics outside the Netherlands, and indigenous nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book, "Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894 . The first indigenous scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara, when in 1913 he founded a press bureau in the Netherlands, the Indonesian Press Bureau.
Maps Indonesia
History
Initial history
Fossils and remains of tools show that the archipelago was inhabited by Homo erectus , known as the "Java Man", between 1.5 million years ago and 35,000 years ago. Homo sapiens reached about 45,000 years ago. The Austronesians, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from present day Taiwan. They arrive about 2,000 BC, and as they spread throughout the archipelago, limit the indigenous Melanesians to the far eastern region. The ideal agricultural conditions and the mastery of wetland paddy cultivation as early as the 8th century BC allowed villages, towns and small kingdoms to flourish in the first century AD. Indonesia's strategic maritime position fosters inter-island and international trade, including relations with the Indian kingdom and Chinese dynasties, established centuries before Christ. Trade since its foundation has shaped the history of Indonesia.
From the 7th century AD, the powerful Sriwijaya naval empire developed as a result of trade and influence of Hinduism and Buddhism imported with it. Between the 8th and 10th centuries AD, Buddhist Buddhist and Hindu Hindu dynasties flourished and dwindled in the interior of Java, leaving behind great monuments such as Borobudur, Sewu and Prambanan. This period marks the revival of Hindu-Buddhist art in ancient Java. Around the first quarter of the 10th century, the center of the kingdom shifted from the Mataram region of Central Java to the Brantas River valley in East Java by Mpu Sindok, who founded the Isyana Dynasty. Furthermore, a series of Javanese Hindu-Buddhist governments rose and descended, from the Kahuripan kingdom ruled by Airlangga to Kadiri and Singhasari. In West Java, the Sunda Kingdom was re-established around 1030 according to the Sanghyang Tapak inscription. In Bali, Warmadewas established their government in the Kingdom of Bali in the 10th century. The Hindu kingdom of Majapahit was founded in East Java at the end of the 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence extends to many parts of present-day Indonesia.
The earliest evidence of Muslim populations on these islands dates from the 13th century in northern Sumatra, although Muslim merchants first traveled through Southeast Asia early in the Islamic era. Other parts of the archipelago gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra at the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam is overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which form the dominant form of Islam in Indonesia, especially in Java.
The colonial era
The first regular contact between Europeans and people in the archipelago began in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco SerrÃÆ'Â ° o, attempted to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cuban pepper in Maluku. The Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and in subsequent decades, the Dutch gained a foothold in Batavia and Amboina. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the company became the dominant European force in the archipelago.
After the bankruptcy, the VOC was officially dissolved in 1800, and the Dutch government established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony. For much of the Dutch colonial period, their control over the islands was very weak outside coastal fortresses; only at the beginning of the 20th century, Dutch domination extends to what is the current boundary of Indonesia. The Japanese occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed independence movement. However, the UN report later stated that 4 million people died during the Japanese occupation as a result of starvation and forced labor.
Modern era
Two days after the surrender of Japan, Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta, influential nationalist leaders, proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945, and was elected as the country's first President and Vice-President, by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence. The Dutch tried to rebuild their power, and armed and diplomatic struggle ensued. In December 1949, the Netherlands officially recognized Indonesia's independence in the face of international pressure, with the exception of Dutch New Guinea, which was subsequently incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962 New York Agreement and the UN-bound Dispute Free Choice Act of 1969. on the ongoing Papuan conflict. Despite the major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the four-year struggle, the Indonesians, as a whole, found unity in their struggle for independence.
In the late 1950s, Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy to authoritarianism, and maintained its power base by balancing the opposing forces of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The coup attempt on September 30, 1965 was opposed by soldiers, who led a violent purge that targeted communists, ethnic Chinese and allegedly left, in which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed. The most widely accepted forecast is that between 500,000 and one million people are killed, with some estimates as high as two to three million. The military chief General Suharto outperformed politically-motivated Soekarno and was officially appointed president in March 1968. His New Order government was supported by the United States, and encouraged foreign direct investment, a major factor in the next three decades. substantial economic growth. However, his government is widely accused of corruption and oppression of political opposition.
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. It increased popular dissatisfaction with the New Order and sparked mass protests across the country, leading to Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. In 1999, East Timor chose to split from Indonesia , after 25 years of military occupation marked by international condemnation of oppression against East Timorese people. In the post-Suharto era, the strengthening of the democratic process has included a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption and terrorism slowed progress; However, in recent years the economy has shown strong performance. Although the relationship between different religious and ethnic groups is largely harmonious, dissatisfaction and sectarian violence persist. A political settlement for armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.
Geography
Indonesia lies between latitude 11 Â ° S and 6 Â ° N, and longitude 95 Â ° E and 141 Â ° E. It is the largest archipelago country in the world, which extends 5,120 kilometers (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometers (1,094 mi) from north to south. According to a geospatial survey conducted between 2007 and 2010 by the National Mapping Agency, Indonesia has 13,466 islands, spread over both sides of the equator, and with approximately 6,000 of them inhabited. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan (divided by Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (divided by Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares a land border with Malaysia in Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea and East Timor on Timor island. Indonesia shares maritime borders across the narrow strait with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Palau in the north, and Australia to the south.
At 4,884 meters (16,024 feet), Puncak Jaya is the highest peak in Indonesia, and Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of ​​1,145 km2 (442 square miles). The largest rivers in Indonesia are in Kalimantan and New Guinea, and include Kapuas, Barito, Mamberamo, Sepik and Mahakam; Such rivers are the channels of communication and transportation between the river settlements on the island.
Climate
Located along the equator, Indonesia's climate tends to be relatively even year-round. Indonesia has two seasons - rainy and dry seasons - without extreme summer or winter. For most parts of Indonesia, the dry season falls between April and October with the rainy season between November and March. The climate of Indonesia is almost entirely tropical, dominated by the tropical rainforest climate found on every major island in Indonesia, followed by tropical climates mostly located along the north coast of Java, the coasts of southern and eastern Sulawesi and Bali, and finally the tropical climate of Savanna, found in remote locations in Central Java, the lowlands of East Java, the coast of southern Papua and the small islands east of Lombok. However, a cooler type of climate exists in mountainous areas of Indonesia 1,300 to 1,500 meters (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. The ocean climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfb ) applies in high altitude areas with fairly uniform rainfall throughout the year, adjacent to rainforest climate, while subtropical highland climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cwb ) is in the highlands with clearer droughts, close to the tropical monsoon and savanna climate.
Some areas, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between seasons, while others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience much more significant differences with drought during the dry season, and floods in the rainy season. Rainfall is very abundant, especially in West Sumatra, West Kalimantan, West Java, and Papua. Some of Sulawesi and some islands closer to Australia, such as Sumba is drier. The almost uniform warm water that makes up 81% of Indonesia's total ensures that the temperature on land remains fairly constant. The coastal plain averages 28Ã,  ° C (82.4Ã,  ° F), inland and mountain areas averaging 26Ã, ° C (78.8Ã,  ° F), and higher mountain areas, 23à ,  ° C (73,4Ã,  ° F)). The relative humidity of the area ranges between 70 and 90%. The wind is moderate and generally predictable, with monsoon winds typically blowing from south and east in June to October and from the northwest in November to March. Typhoons and large-scale storms pose little danger to sailors in Indonesian waters; the main danger comes from the swift currents in the channels, such as the Lombok and Sape straits.
Geology
Tectonically, Indonesia is very unstable, making this country a place of a number of volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. It lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire where the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate are pushed under the Eurasian plate where they melt in about 100 kilometers (62 miles) deep. A series of volcanoes flowed through Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and then to the Banda Islands of Maluku to the northeast of Sulawesi. Of the 400 volcanoes, about 130 are active. Between 1972 and 1991, 29 volcanic eruptions were recorded, mostly in Java. While volcanic ash has produced fertile soil (a factor that historically maintains high population density in Java and Bali), it makes agricultural conditions unpredictable in some areas.
The great super volcano erupted in Lake Toba is now about 70,000 BC. The largest eruption of the earth in the last 25 million years, believed to have caused global volcanic winter and climate cooling, and then caused genetic congestion in human evolution, although the exact effects of the eruption are still debated. Two of the most violent volcanic eruptions in modern times occur in the archipelago; the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 - the largest eruption known during the last 10,000 years - resulted in 92,000 deaths and created a volcanic ash umbrella that spread and covered Southeast Asia, drowning it into the darkness for a week, and making the most of the North. The Hemisphere without the summer of 1816. The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which produced the harshest recorded recorded sound, produced 40,000 deaths attributed to the eruption itself and the tsunami it created. Significant additional effects were also felt around the world several years after the eruption. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed about 167,736 in northern Sumatra, and the Yogyakarta earthquake of 2006.
Biodiversity
Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and island geography support a high level of biodiversity. Its flora and fauna are a mixture of Asian and Australasian species. The Sunda Shelf islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once associated with Asian mainland, and possessed a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the Sumatran tiger, rhinoceros, orangutans, Asian elephants, and leopards, have been abundant as far east as Bali, but the number and distribution has drastically reduced. In Sumatra and Kalimantan, this is largely Asian species. Forests cover about 70% of the country. However, smaller, and more densely populated Java forests have been erased for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku - long separated from mainland continents - have developed their own unique flora and fauna. Papua is part of the Australian mainland, and is home to unique fauna and flora closely linked to Australia, including over 600 species of birds.
Indonesia ranks second after Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of 1,531 species of birds and 39% of the 515 species of mammals becoming endemic. Indonesia's 80,000 kilometer (50,000 mile) coastline is surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high biodiversity levels. Indonesia has a variety of marine and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangrove, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal plains, tidal plains, algal beds, and small island ecosystems. Indonesia is one of the Coral Triangle countries with the largest coral reef diversity in the world with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia alone.
British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described the dividing line between the distribution of Asian and Australasian species in Indonesia. Known as the Wallace Path, it transforms north-south along the edge of Sunda Exposure, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. To the west of Asia's more flora and fauna ranks - moving east from Lombok they are getting Australia to a critical point in the Weber Line. In his book of 1869, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace describes many unique species in the area. The territory of the island between his line and Papuan is now called Wallacea.
Environment
A large and growing population in Indonesia, and rapid industrialization, presents a serious environmental problem. They are often given a lower priority due to high poverty rates and weak governance and lack of resources. Issues including peatland destruction, large-scale illegal deforestation and associated forest fires that caused heavy fog in western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental issues related to rapid urbanization and industrial development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, waste management, and reliable water and sewage services. Indonesia has below average performance but slightly improved in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) with an overall rating of 107 out of 180 countries by 2016. This is also below the average in the Asia-Pacific region, behind Thailand but slightly ahead China.
Many deforestation in Indonesia is caused by the expansion of the palm oil industry that requires land reallocation and changes to the natural ecosystem. Expansion can generate wealth for local communities, but it can also damage ecosystems and cause social problems. This makes Indonesia as the fourth largest greenhouse gas producer in the world. The activity also threatens the survival of native and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as endangered, and 15 as endangered, including Bali starlings, Sumatran orangutans, and Javan rhinoceros.
Government and politics
Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government. Following President Suharto's resignation in 1998, the political and governing structures have undergone major reforms, with four constitutional amendments fixing the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The President of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (BI), and director of domestic governance, policy making, and foreign affairs. The President appoints the council of ministers, who are not required to be elected to legislative membership. The President can serve a maximum of two periods of five consecutive years.
The highest representative body at the national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main function is to support and amend the constitution, inaugurate and impeach the president, and formalize the country policy outline. The MPR consists of two houses; The House of Representatives (DPR), with 560 members, and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), with 132 members. The House of Representatives passes legislation and monitors the executive branch. Reform since 1998 has significantly improved its role in national government, while the DPD is a new space for regional management affairs.
Most civil disputes appear before the District Court ( District Court ); appeals are heard before the High Court ( High Court ). The Supreme Court of Indonesia (Supreme Court) is the highest court of the country, and hears the final request for termination and conducts case review. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and bankruptcy; The State Administrative Court ( the Constitutional Court ) to hear administrative law cases against the government; The Constitutional Court ( the Constitutional Court ) to hear disputes concerning legal legality, elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and Religious Courts ( Religious Courts ) to handle cases of codified Sharia Law. In addition, the Judicial Commission ( Judicial Commission ) monitors the performance of judges.
Party and selection
Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In all legislative elections since the fall of the New Order, no political party has won a majority of seats as a whole, resulting in a coalition government. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), which gets the most votes in the 2014 election, is the party of the current President, Joko Widodo. Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya ( Gerindra ) is the third largest political party. Other important parties include the Functional Groups Party ( Golkar ), the Democratic Party, and the National Awakening Party (PKB). The House currently consists of 10 political parties, with a parliamentary threshold of 3.5% of the national vote. The first general election was held in 1955 to elect members of the House and the Constituent Assembly. At the national level, the people of Indonesia did not vote for president until 2004. Since then, the president was elected for a five-year term, such as members of parliament aligned with parties and non-partisan DPD. Starting with local elections in 2015, Indonesia began to elect both governors and mayors simultaneously on the same date.
Political sharing
Indonesia consists of 34 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own legislature ( the House of Representatives , DPRD) and an elected governor. Provinces are divided into districts (districts) and cities (city), led by regents (bupati ) and mayors (< i> the mayor ) respectively as well as their own legislative ( Regency/Municipal DPRD ). This is subdivided into district ( kecamatan or districts in Papua), and returns to the administrative village (either village , urban village , kampung , nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh). This number has evolved over time, the latest change is the North Kalimantan split from East Kalimantan in October 2012.
The village is the lowest level of government administration. Subsequently, it is divided into several community groups (RW), which are subsequently divided into neighboring neighborhood groups (RTs). In Java, villages are further divided into smaller units called hamlet or hamlet, this is the same as RW. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, districts and municipalities have become the main administrative units, which are responsible for providing the majority of government services. The level of village administration is the most influential on the daily lives of citizens and handles village or environmental issues through elected village chiefs (heads of village heads or village heads).
The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua and West Papua have greater legislative rights and higher levels of autonomy from the central government than other provinces. Aceh, for example, has the right to create certain elements of an independent legal system and some regional parties only participate in elections in the province. In 2003, it instituted the form of sharia (Islamic law). Yogyakarta was granted the status of the Special Territory in recognition of its important role in supporting the pro-independence side during the National Revolution and its willingness to join Indonesia as a republic. Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted a special autonomy status in 2001 and split into Papua and West Papua in February 2003. Jakarta is the capital's special region of the country (Special Capital Region of Indonesia).
Foreign relations
Since independence, Indonesia has embraced the so-called "free and active foreign policy", which seeks to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoids involvement in conflicts among other countries. In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to Western powers and tensions with Malaysia, foreign policy since the New Order was based on economic and political cooperation with the West. Indonesia maintains close ties with its Asian neighbors, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit. The country restored relations with China in 1990 after freezing in place since anti-communist purge in the early Suharto era. Indonesia also developed close ties with the Soviet Union during the early to mid 1960s.
Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, and is the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Indonesia signed the ASEAN Free Trade Area Agreement, the Cairns Group, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and occasional OPEC members. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development assistance since 1966, particularly from China, the United States, the European Union (EU), Australia, and Japan. The EU has spent over USD500 million in development assistance over the past decade, particularly to promote basic education and good governance in public financial and equity management, and to support efforts to combat climate change and deforestation and trade.
The Indonesian government has worked with other countries to arrest and prosecute large bombers associated with militant Islamism. Deadly bombings killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the resort town of Bali Kuta in 2002. The attacks, and further travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.
Military
The Indonesian National Army (TNI) includes the Army (TNI-AD), the Navy (TNI-AL, which includes the Marine Corps), and the Air Force (TNI-AU). The army has about 400,000 active duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget is 0.9% of GDP in 2015, and controversially coupled with revenues from commercial interests and military foundations. The Armed Forces was formed during the Indonesian National Revolution, when he conducted guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, armed forces including the Army, Navy, and Air Force have been organized along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies of the state and potential external invaders. After three decades of involvement and support for the Suharto regime, the TNI's formal representation in parliament was removed after political reform in 1998. However, political influence remained broad.
Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements. Some people, especially in Aceh and Papua, have led to armed conflict, and allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides. The first was resolved peacefully in 2005, while the latter still continues, amid the implementation of significant, albeit imperfect and statistically significant regional autonomy laws, and reported reductions in levels of violence and human rights violations since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Another engagement of the army included a campaign against the Netherlands New Guinea to merge territory into Indonesia, a confrontation against the creation of Malaysia, the mass killings of the PKI, and the invasion of East Timor, which is and remains the largest military operation in Indonesia.
Economy
Indonesia has a mixed economy in which the private and government sectors play an important role. This country is Southeast Asia's largest economy and a G20 member. It is estimated that Indonesia's nominal gross domestic product, in 2017, is US $ 1.020 trillion while GDP in PPP terms is US $ 3.257 trillion. It is the 16th largest economy in the world with nominal GDP and is the seventh largest in terms of GDP in PPP. By 2017, per capita GDP in PPP is US $ 12,432 while nominal GDP per capita is US $ 3,895. The debt to GDP ratio is 26%. The service is the largest in the economy and accounts for 43.3% of GDP (2016), followed by manufacturing (42.9%) and agriculture (13.7%). Since 2012, it employs more people than other sectors, accounting for 44.8% of the total labor force, followed by agriculture (34.3%) and industry (20.9%).
Overview
Over time, Indonesia's economic structure has greatly changed. Historically, it has greatly overburdened agriculture, reflecting both the stage of economic development and government policy in the 1950s and 1960s to promote agricultural self-sufficiency. A gradual process of industrialization and urbanization began in the late 1960s, and accelerated in the 1980s when oil prices fell to see the government focus on diversification of oil exports and towards manufacturing exports. This development continued throughout the 1980s and entered the next decade despite the 1990 oil price shock, where GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1%. Consistent growth saw official poverty rates fall from 60% to 15%. From the mid-1980s, the economy became more integrated globally because of reduced trade barriers. The 1997 Asian financial crisis affected Indonesia both economically and politically. The government's initial response was to float the rupiah, raise domestic interest rates, and tighten fiscal policy. The effects of the crisis are very severe. In November 1997, rapid currency depreciation has caused public debt to reach US $ 60 billion, imposing huge tensions on the government budget. In 1998, real GDP contracted by 13.1% and inflation reached 72% (slowed to 2% in 1999). The economy reached its lowest point in mid 1999 with only 0.8% real GDP growth.
Strong economic growth has recently been accompanied by relatively stable inflation. Since the inflation target was introduced in 2000, the GDP and CPI deflators have grown at an average annual rate of 10% and 9%, respectively, similar to the speed recorded in the two decades before the 1997 crisis, but well below the pace of the 1960s, and 1970s. Inflation also generally tended to be lower during the 2000s, with some fluctuations in inflation reflecting government policy initiatives such as changes in fiscal subsidies in 2005 and 2008, leading to a temporary large spike in CPI growth. But since 2007, with an increase in the banking sector and domestic consumption, growth has increased to more than 6% every year. This helped Indonesia face the Great Recession in 2008-2009, where the economy went so well, and then in 2011 saw the country regain lost investment rankings in 1997. The growth, however, has slowed to 5% since 2014 due to banning the export of untreated mineral ores in an effort to boost the domestic mineral processing industry and boost exports of higher value-added mineral products, and higher interest rates. By 2016, 10.8% of the population lives below the poverty line and the official open unemployment rate is 5.5%.
Palm oil production is important to the economy as Indonesia is the world's largest producer and consumer of commodities, providing about half of the world's supply. Plantations in this country span an area of ​​6 million hectares in 2007, with a replanting plan set for an additional 4.7 million to boost productivity by 2017. In 2012, Indonesia produces 35% of the world's certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO). The automotive industry generates nearly 1.2 million vehicles by 2017, ranking Indonesia as the 18th largest producer in the world. Currently, Indonesian automotive companies are able to produce cars with high local content ratio (80% -90%). With a production of 12 billion packs by 2017, Indonesia is the second largest instant noodle producer after China which produced nearly 40 billion packs in the same year. Indofood, the world's largest instant noodle producer, is known as Indomie, one of Indonesia's leading brands. Of the world's 500 largest companies measured by revenue in 2016, Fortune Global 500, Pertamina is the only Indonesian company on the list.
Indonesia experienced a trade surplus in 2016, with total exports and imports of US $ 140 billion and US $ 132 billion, respectively. Over the past five years, exports and imports have declined at an annual rate of 3 to 4.8%, from US $ 224 billion and US $ 173 billion respectively in 2011. The country's main exports are led by palm oil and coal briquettes, with jewelry, automobiles and auto parts, rubber and copper ore constitute the majority of other exports, while imports mainly consist of pure oil and crude oil, with telephones, computers, auto parts and grain covering most of the other imports. The main export markets of the country are China (12%), United States (11%), Japan (11%), Singapore (8%) and India (7.2%), while its main import partners are China (23%), Singapore (11%), Japan (9.8%), Thailand (6.5%) and Malaysia (5.4%).
Transportation
The road transport system is very dominant, with a total length of 523,974 kilometers (325,582 miles) per 2015. Many cities and towns have some form of transportation to rent available such as taxis. There are usually more advanced bus services such as Kopaja and TransJakarta, the world's longest bus rapid transit (BRT) system offering 230.9 kilometers (143.5 miles) across 13 corridors and 10 cross-corridor routes and carrying 430,000 passengers daily in 2016. Other cities such as Yogyakarta, Palembang, Bandung, Denpasar, Pekanbaru, Semarang, Makassar, and Padang also have BRT systems in place with no separate tracks. Many cities have motorized becak (bajaj ), and sharing a locally known taxi as Angkot is a common sight in medium-sized cities though. Pedicab, bicycle rickshaw, is a common sight in city streets and provides cheap transportation.
The rail transport system has four unrelinked networks in Java and Sumatra primarily dedicated to transporting bulk commodities and long-distance passenger traffic. The intercity railway network in Java is equipped with local commuter train services in the metropolitan areas of Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, and Bandung. In Jakarta, suburban rail services carry 885,000 passengers per day. In addition, mass transit systems and light rail transit are currently being built in Jakarta and Palembang. The government plan to build a high speed rail (HSR) was announced in 2015, the first in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is expected to connect Jakarta's capital city with Bandung, which covers a distance of about 140 kilometers (87 miles). The plan is also mentioned for possible expansion into Surabaya, the second largest city in the country.
Marine transportation is essential for economic integration as Indonesia encompasses a vast archipelago. It provides important links between parts of the country for domestic and foreign trade, with each major island having at least one port city. Commonly used boats include large container ships, ferries, passenger ships, sailboats and small motor boats. The pinisi of traditional wooden ships is widely used as an inter-island delivery service. Tanjung Priok Port is the busiest port in Indonesia, handling more than 5.20 million TEUs. A new two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently underway, which will double the annual capacity that is in full operation by 2023. By 2015, a breakthrough from the strategic Port of Kuala Tanjung Sumatra Port has been completed. It is expected to accommodate 500,000 TEUs per year, overtaking the Port of Tanjung Pelepas Johor and can even compete with the Singapore port.
Ferry services often cross the strait between nearby islands, especially in island chains stretching from Sumatra via Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands. At a busy intersection between Sumatra, Java and Bali, car ferries often operate 24 hours per day. There is an international ferry service between crossing the Malacca Strait between Sumatra and Malaysia, and between Singapore and nearby Indonesian islands, such as Batam. The passenger ship network makes longer connections to remote islands, especially in the eastern part of the archipelago. The national shipping line, Pelni, provides passenger service to ports across the country with a two to four week schedule. These ships generally provide the cheapest way to travel long distances between islands. Smaller private boats also provide inter island service.
In 2014, there are 237 airports in Indonesia, including 17 international airports. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is the 17th busiest airport in the world, serving 63 million passengers by 2017. Currently the airport is running out of capacity. After the expansion with the third terminal completed in 2016, the total capacity of the three terminals increased to 43 million passengers per year. The first and second terminals will be revitalized to accommodate 67 million passengers per year. Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and Juanda International Airport in Surabaya is the second and third busiest airports in the country. Garuda Indonesia, the country's airline since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and the 20th member of SkyTeam's global airline alliance. The airline's modernization plan in 2009 has generated numerous awards, such as Skytrax's "Star-Star Airline" rating and "The Best Cabin Crew."
Energy
According to the IEA, Indonesia is the top 10 natural gas producer in 2009: 76 billion cubic (bcm) 2.5% of world production of 36 bcm is exported. In 2009, Indonesia was the fifth largest coal producer: 263 million tons of hard coal and 38 million tons of chocolate. The majority of these, 230 Mt of hard coal, are exported. Indonesia has significant energy resources, starting with oil - it has 22 billion barrels of conventional oil and gas reserves, of which about 4 billion can be recovered. That's equivalent to about 10 years of oil production and 50 years of gas. It has about 8 billion barrels of methane resources (CBM) equivalent to coal. It has 28 billion tonnes of recoverable coal and has 28 gigawatts (GW) of geothermal potential. 1 Includes undiscovered oil and gas resources. It has more in the form of solar, wind, biomass, and biofuels. Indonesia's domestic oil consumption has grown from 1.2 million barrels per day in 2003 to 1.6 million barrels per day by 2013. By 2015, the total capacity of national power plants installed in Indonesia is 55,528.51 MW.
Jatiluhur Dam, the country's largest dam, serves several purposes including hydroelectricity, water supply, flood control, irrigation and aquaculture. The power plant has an installed capacity of 186.5 MW that goes into the Java network managed by a state-owned electricity company ( Perusahaan Listrik Negara//>). Jatiluhur Reservoir helps irrigate 240,000 hectares of paddy fields (593,053 hectares). Earth-fill bending is 105 m (344 ft) high and holds a reservoir of 3,000,000,000 m 3 (2,432,140Ã, acre? Ft). Science and technology
Though not considered a leading state in science and technology, there are many examples of scientific and technological developments that stand out by Indonesians. Living in an agrarian and maritime culture, they have been well known in some traditional technologies, especially in agriculture and marine. In the former countries, like other countries in Southeast Asia, they are well known in rice cultivation techniques that are terracing . The Bugis and Makasar people are well known in the last area, making a wooden sailing boat called pinisi boat. A recent discovery, a road construction technique named Sosrobahu by Tjokorda Raka Sukawati, allows a long stretch of elevated highways to be built over existing highways with minimal traffic disruption. It later became famous and widely used in many countries, including Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States. The country is also an active producer of passenger and freight trains with state-owned railway construction company, Indonesian Railway Industry (INKA), and has exported trains to several countries, such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
Indonesia has a long history of developing military and small commuter aircraft as the only Southeast Asian country to produce and develop its own aircraft. With Indonesia's state-owned aircraft company, Aerospace Indonesia, Indonesia has manufactured aircraft components for Boeing and Airbus, and with EADS CASA from Spain, developed the CN-235 aircraft that has been exported to several countries. Former President B. J. Habibie played an important role in this achievement. While active as a professor in Germany, he performs many research tasks, generating theories on thermodynamics, construction, and aerodynamics, known as Habibie Factor, Habibie Theorem, and Habibie Method respectively. Indonesia has also joined the South Korean program to produce KAI KF-X fighter aircraft.
Indonesia has a space agency and its own space program, as well as the first developing country to operate its own satellite system, known as the Palapa. This is a series of communications satellites owned by Qatar-controlled company Indosat Ooredoo. The first satellite, PALAPA A1 was first launched on July 8, 1976 from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States. By 2016, Indonesia has launched 11 satellites to connect with the archipelago, and the space agency has expressed a desire to place satellites in orbit with original launch vehicles by 2040.
Tourism
Tourism contributes about US $ 17 billion to national GDP in 2016. In the same year, Indonesia received 12 million visitors, a 15.5% growth in one year. In the previous year, Indonesia recorded 10.4 million international visitors, staying at the hotel an average of 8.5 nights and spent an average of US $ 1,190 per person during their visit, or US $ 140 per person per day. China, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, and Japan are the five main sources of visitors to Indonesia. Since January 2011, Wonderful Indonesia has become the slogan of an international marketing campaign directed by the Ministry of Tourism to promote tourism.
Nature and cultural attractions are a major component of Indonesian tourism. The former can boast a unique combination of tropical climate, vast archipelago and long stretch of beach, and they are equipped with rich cultural heritage that reflects the dynamic history and ethnic diversity of Indonesia. Indonesia has well-preserved natural ecosystems with rainforests stretching around 57% of Indonesia's landmass (225 million hectares). Forests in Sumatra and Kalimantan are examples of popular destinations, such as the Orangutan wildlife reserve. In addition, Indonesia has one of the longest coastlines in the world, measuring 54,716 kilometers (33,999 mi). Ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Toraja and Bali, with Hindu festivals, are some of the most popular destinations for cultural tourism.
Indonesia has 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Borobudur Temple Complex and Komodo National Park; and 19 others on the provisional list covering the Old City of Jakarta, Bunaken National Park and the Raja Ampat Islands. Heritage tourism is focused on a special interest in Indonesian history, such as the legacy of Dutch East Indies colonial architecture. Other activities include visiting museums, churches, forts and historic colonial buildings, as well as spending a few nights in colonial relics hotels. Popular cultural heritage attractions are the Old City of Jakarta and the royal palaces of Java, Yogyakarta, Surakarta and Mangkunegaran.
The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 places Indonesia at the 42nd position of 136 countries overall with a score of 4.2. It ranks the price competitiveness of Indonesia's tourism sector to-5 from 136 countries. It states that Indonesia has a strong visa policy and scores well on international openness (rank 2 and 17 respectively). The country also scores well on natural and cultural resources (rank 17 and 23 respectively). However, Indonesia has a low score in infrastructure (96th rank), as some aspects of the tourist service infrastructure are still underdeveloped.
Demographics
The 2010 census records the Indonesian population as 237.6 million, with a high population growth of 1.9%. 58% of the population lives in Java, the most populous island in the world. Population density was 138 people per km 2 (357 per sq mi), ranked 88th in the world, although Java has a population density of 1,067 people per km 2 (2,435) per sq mi ). The population is not spread evenly across the islands in various habitats and levels of development, ranging from megalopolis Jakarta to non-contracted tribes in Papua. In 1961, the first postcolonial census resulted in a total population of 97 million. The country currently has a relatively young population, with an average age of 28.6 years (estimated 2016). The population is expected to grow to about 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by 2050. Approximately 2 to 8 million Indonesians live abroad, with the majority living in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore , United States, and Australia.
Ethnic and language
Indonesia is a very diverse ethnic country, with about 300 distinct ethnic groups. Most Indonesians are descendants of Austronesian-speaking people whose language can be traced to Proto-Austronesian, which may have originated from prehistoric Taiwan. The other main group are Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, comprising 40.2% of the population. They are mostly located in the middle to east of Java as well as a significant amount in most provinces of Indonesia. The Sundanese, Batak and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups. Indonesia's sense of nationality is in addition to a strong regional identity.
More than 742 different languages ​​and dialects are spoken in this country. Some are from the Austronesian language family, while more than 270 Papuan languages ​​are spoken in eastern Indonesia (Maluku Islands and West Papua). The official language is Indonesian, a variant based on the prestigious dialect of Malay, which for centuries has become the lingua franca of the archipelago. It was promoted by nationalists in 1920, and declared an official language under the name Indonesian in the proclamation of independence. Language has experienced centuries of local and foreign influences, including from Java, Sunda, Minangkabau, Hindi, Sanskrit, Chinese, Arabic, Dutch, Portuguese and English. Almost every Indonesian person speaks the language because of its extensive use in education, academic, communication, business, politics, and mass media, although as a second language; the first language is the local language, the Java language is the most widely used language.
In 1930, the Netherlands and other Europeans (Eurotrans), Eurasians, and derivatives like Indos, amounted to 240,000 or 0.4% of the total population. Historically, they are only a small part of the indigenous population and continue to do so today. Despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years, the Dutch language has no official status and a small minority who can speak fluently is an educated member of the oldest generation, or works in the legal profession, because certain legal codes are still only available in Dutch.
City center
Religion
While religious freedom is regulated in the constitution, the government officially recognizes only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism; although indigenous beliefs are also recognized. Indonesia is the largest Muslim-majority country in the world with 227 million followers by 2017, with the majority being Sunni (99%). Shias and Ahmadis are 0.5% and 0.2% of the Muslim population respectively. Christians consist of nearly 10% of the population (7% Protestant, 2.9% Roman Catholic), 1.7% are Hindus, and 0.9% are Buddhists or others. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese, and most Buddhists in this country are ethnic Chinese.
Indigenous peoples practice native animism and dynamism, a common belief for Austronesians. They glorify and glorify the ancestral spirits and believe that some spirits can inhabit certain places such as large trees, rocks, forests, mountains, or holy places. This invisible spiritual entity with supernatural powers is identified by ancient Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese as "hyang" which can mean "divine" or "ancestor", and tends to be associated with God in modern Indonesian.
Examples of indigenous belief systems include Sundanese Sundwitan Sunda, Dayak Kaharingan, Torajan Aluk 'To Dolo, Manusela and Nuaulu's Naurus, Batak's Parmalim faith, and Javanese Kejawen. These original habits and beliefs have a significant impact on how certain beliefs are practiced in this country, as evidenced by the vast majority of people - such as Javanese, Balinese Hindus, and Christian Dayaks - practicing a less orthodox form of syncretism from them. religion. Although no longer a majority, Hinduism and Buddhism still define influences in Indonesian culture. Hindu influence reached the islands early in the first century AD. Around 130 CE, a Sunan kingdom called Salakanagara emerged in West Java, and was the first historically documented kingdom on the archipelago, made by an Indian merchant after marrying a local Sundanese princess.
Islam was introduced to the archipelago by Sunni traders of the Shafi'i jurisprudence, as well as Sufi traders from the Indian subcontinent and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The Italian explorer Marco Polo is credited with the earliest known records of the Muslim community around 1297 AD, which he calls the new community of Moorish merchants in Perlak. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Islamic militant campaign led by the sultan attacked the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom and various communities, with each trying to carve out territories or islands to be mastered. Four diverse and controversial sultans emerged in northern and southern Sumatra, western and central Java, and southern Kalimantan. They declare Islam as a state religion and pursue wars against one another as well as other Hindu and non-Muslim pagans.
Furthermore, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, animist and pagan communities buy peace by agreeing to pay the jizya tax to a Muslim ruler, while others begin to adopt Islam to escape taxes. In some areas, people continue their old beliefs and adopt a syncretic version of Islam, while others go and concentrate as communities on the island they can defend. For example, Hindus in western Java (the Sundanese) moved to Bali and the surrounding small islands. While this period of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare took place, and new power centers sought to consolidate the area under their control, European powers arrived. The islands were soon dominated by the Dutch empire, which helped prevent inter-religious conflicts, and slowly began the process of extracting, preserving and understanding the ancient Hindu and Buddhist periods in the archipelago, especially in Java and the western islands.
Roman Catholicism was brought to the archipelago by early Portuguese traders and missionaries such as Jesuit Francis Xavier. Upon the arrival of the VOC, the Catholic Church was banned and only survived in Flores and Timor when the Dutch were known to support Protestantism and sought to limit the influence and authority of the Holy See. During the Napoleonic Wars, the Dutch and the Dutch East Indies fell under the French Empire, and Napoleon placed his Catholic brother, Louis Napoleon (Dutch: Lodewijk ) as King of the Netherlands in 1806. Since then, the Catholic Church has been free to operate in the East Indies. The Larantuka Kingdom in Flores is currently the only genuine Catholic kingdom in Southeast Asia, with the first king named Lorenzo. Today, the Catholic tradition close to Easter still exists, locally known as Semana Santa. It involves the procession of carrying the statues of Jesus and the Virgin Mary (locally referred to as Master Ana and Mr. Ma respectively) to the local beach, then to the Cathedral of the Rosary, chairs from the bishop.
Protestantism was largely the result of Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the colonial period. The Dutch Reformed Church had long been at the forefront of introducing Christianity to indigenous peoples, and later joined other Reformed churches separated from it during the nineteenth century. The VOC organized missionary work so as to serve its own interests and restrict it to the eastern parts of the archipelago. Although the Calvinist and Lutheran branches are the most common, many other denominations can be found elsewhere in Indonesia. The Protestant Christian Church of Batak, founded in 1861 by Lutheran German missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen, is the largest.
Education and health
Education in Indonesia is mandatory for twelve years, and the constitution states that 20% of the national budget will be prioritized for education. Parents can choose between government-run and non-sectarian government schools supervised by the Ministry of Education and Culture or private or semi-private (usually Islamic) schools that are supervised and financed by the Ministry of Religious Affairs. Private international schools, which are not based on the national curriculum, are also available. Participation rates are 90% for primary education (2015), 76% for secondary education, and 24% for higher education. The literacy rate is 95.22% (2016) and government spending on education amounts to 3.59% of GDP (2015).
By 2014, there are 118 state universities and 1,890 private higher education institutions in Indonesia. Admission to a state university depends on the national entrance exam (SNMPTN and SBMPTN). According to QS World University Rankings 2018, the top university in Indonesia is the University of Indonesia (ranked 292), followed by Bandung Institute of Technology (ranked 359), Gadjah Mada University (ranked 391). Other universities include the University of Padjadjaran (ranked 651-700), Bogor Agricultural University (in the range of 701-751 rankings), Airlangga University (in the range of 751-800 rankings), and Diponegoro University, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology and Brawijaya University all huddled in the range of ratings 801-1000. Everything is located in Java. Andalas University is a pioneer of the establishment of a leading university outside Java.
Government spending on health care is around 2.9% of GDP (2014). Every citizen is protected by the National Health Insurance, a scheme to apply universal health care launched by the Ministry of Health in 2014. It is expected that health care spending will increase by 12% a year and reach US $ 46 billion per year by 2019. Under JKN, all citizens will receive coverage for various treatments through health services from public service providers as well as private organizations that have chosen to join the scheme. Although health indicators have improved significantly in recent decades such as an increase in life expectancy (from 63 in 1990 to 71 in 2012) and declining child mortality (from 85 deaths per 1,000 births in 1990 to 27 deaths by 2015) Indonesia continues to face health challenges that include maternal and child health, low air quality, malnutrition, high smoking rates, and infectious diseases.
Problems
Almost 80% of the population lives in the western part of the archipelago, but they are growing at a slower pace than the rest of the country. This has created a gap in wealth, unemployment, and health between densely populated islands and economic centers (such as Sumatra and Java) and sparsely populated areas (such as Maluku and Papua). Racism, especially against Chinese Indonesians since the colonial period, still continues today. Religious intolerance has also long characterized the people of the country. In 2017, Chinese Christian governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was sentenced to two years in prison after being found guilty of blasphemy. The LGBT issue has recently received attention in Indonesia. While homosexuality is legal in most countries, it is illegal in Aceh and South Sumatra. LGBT people and activists regularly face fierce opposition, intimidation and discrimination, even launched by the authorities.
Culture
Indonesia has multicultural, multilingual and multi-ethnic communities. Every group
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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