Fuller's earth

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Earth Fuller is a clay material that has the ability to strike oil or other liquids without chemical treatment. Fuller earth usually consists of palygorskite (attapulgite) or bentonite.

Modern uses of the fuller earth include absorbents for oil, grease, and animal waste (cat feces) and as carriers of pesticides and fertilizers. Small uses include screening, clarification, and decolorization; active and inactive ingredients in beauty products; and as fillers of paints, plaster, adhesives, and medicines.

Video Fuller's earth

Etimologi

English names reflect the historical use of materials to clean or "fill" wool by textile workers called "fullers". In the past centuries, experts squeezed earth and fuller water into wool fabrics to absorb lanolin, oil, and other oily impurities as part of the fabric-finishing process.

Fuller Earth is also known by the following other names:

• "Bleaching clay", probably because fulling whiten the fabric.
• "Clay bleach", especially when used to treat facial pigmentation, such as melasma.
• "Multani mitti", or "mud from Multan" in ancient India (now Pakistan), where it was used in cosmetics.

Maps Fuller's earth

Genesis and composition

Fuller earth consists mainly of aluminum hydro silicate (clay minerals) of various compositions. Common components are montmorillonite, kaolinite and attapulgite. A small number of other minerals can be present in more complete sedimentary soils, including calcite, dolomite, and quartz. In some locations the fuller earth refers to calcium bentonite, which converts volcanic ash composed mostly of montmorillonite.

In 2005, the United States was the world's largest fuller producer with almost 70% of the world's share followed by Japan and Mexico. In the fuller United States the earth usually comes from volcanic ash deposits of Chalk and younger ages (glacial clays do not form a fuller earth). Fuller soil deposits have been mined in 24 states. The first discovery of the fuller earth in the United States near Quincy, Florida, in 1893; previously imported from the UK. In 1939, the quincy mine produced half of US production.

In England, a fuller earth takes place primarily in England. It has been mined in the Lower Greensand Group and Vale of White Horse, Oxfordshire. Combe Hay Mine is a fuller earth mine operating south of Bath, Somerset until 1979. Other sites in south Bath include Frome, Lonsdale, Englishcombe, Tucking Mill and Duncorn Hill. Although these sites have been used since Roman times, William Smith developed a new method for identifying sediments from the fuller earth in south Bath. Other English sources include mines near Redhill, Surrey (worked up to 2000), and Woburn, Bedfordshire, where production ceased in 2004.

Cliffs, cliffs, and slopes that contain a fuller earth can become unstable, because this material can become thixotropic when filled with heavy rain.

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Historical sense

Fulling is an important step in the production of woolen clothing, and can be traced back to ancient times. The tapered text from Mesopotamia mentions raw material, im-bab-bÃÆ'¡r (Akk. Ã ?? u 'gypsum, plaster'), literally "white ground", which is sent to fullers for fabric finishing. There are several biblical references to the fulfillment (2 Kings 18:17, Isaiah 7: 3 and 36: 2, Malachi 3: 2, Mark 9: 3), but the material used to whiten the cloth is not specified. Pliny the Elder mentions some of the fuller types of earth (cretan fullonia in Latin) from different locations, each with different properties and therefore different uses.

The first reference to the mill was from Persia, and at the time of the Crusades at the end of the eleventh century, the factory was full of active medieval worldwide.

Called 'Multani Mitti' ('Mud of Multan') in modern India and Pakistan, Fuller Earth's use across the Indian subcontinent returns to at least 1879. While household use and transportation by local carts in the Sindh region precede the 1800s, fire was first recorded in 1929 in British India.

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Usage

In addition to its original use in raw fiber fulfillment, a fuller earth is now used in a number of industries. The most important applications utilize the natural absorbent properties of minerals in products sold as absorbents or filters.

• Treatment for poisoning. Even with the risk of salmonella, clay content can save the life of an exposed paraquat, for example, because the paraquats are meant to break the soil.

• Decontamination: Earth Fuller is used by military and civil emergency service personnel to decontaminate the clothes and equipment of soldiers and CBRN responders (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear) that has been contaminated with chemical agents.
• Cleaning agents: In the Indian subcontinent, it has been used for centuries to clean the marble. As a good absorber, it removes dust, dirt, dirt and stains from the surface and refills the marble. It has been used many times to clean Taj Mahal, India with positive results.
• Stool boxes: Since the late 1940s, a fuller earth has been used in commercial cat litter.
• Makeup and dermatology: The same properties that make the earth fuller effective to remove oil, dirt, and impurities from wool are also effective on human hair and skin. Fuller Earth has had wide uses in the beauty industry, both as a cosmetic and as a treatment for acne and other skin problems.
• The film industry: Earth Fuller has been used extensively for years in the form of films for various applications. In the area of ​​special effects, it is used in pyrotechnic explosions and dust clouds, as it spreads farther and taller than most natural soils, resulting in a larger-looking explosion. It's also safer than the naturally occurring ground, if the explosion hits the actors. The material was used in tornado sequences at The Wizard of Oz during artificial bends crashing into the road leading to the farmhouse. Earth Fuller is also widely used by make-ups, props, wardrobes, and dressing tables, because it is considered a "clean" dirt, safer to use around people, and clean it easily. However, health issues in this regard have been disputed. Fuller soils are available in small quantities by suppliers of make-up for use in making faces and bodies look dirty. These are used by the props technicians to make furniture look dusty. The wardrobe uses a small bag of loose cloth filled with a fuller earth to apply it to the clothes to look dusty. Arrange a dressing table using a fuller earth to turn a paved road into a dirt road, to create dust left behind on a dirt road, or to show traces of vehicles on uncharted ground.

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In Popular Cultures

The story of Sherlock Holmes The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb involves the counterfeiters who make the earth bricks more complete as a false explanation for their hydraulic press (which is actually used to make fake coins).

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See also

• Sepiolite
• Clay medicine
• Kaolinite

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References

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Further reading

• Brady, G.S., Clauser, H.R., & amp; Vaccari, J.A. (2002). Material handbook. (15th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
• References on Earth Fuller. United States Geological Survey

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External links

• Interior Department - Fullers Earth
• Inventor of Earth history marker in Attapulgus, Georgia

Source of the article : Wikipedia