Dynamite are explosives made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as clam or clay powder) and stabilizers. He was discovered by Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, and patented in 1867. He quickly gained widespread use as a stronger alternative to black powder.
Currently dynamite is mainly used in mining, quarrying, construction and destruction industries. Dynamite is still the product of choice for excavation applications, and as a cost-effective alternative to removing the amplifier. Dynamite is sometimes used as an initiator or propulsion for AN and ANFO explosives.
Video Dynamite
Histori
Dynamite was discovered by Alfred Nobel of Sweden in the 1860s and is the first stronger controlled explosive of black dust, which has been found in China in the 9th century. Black powder is now popularly known as gunpowder, because while it is effective as a propellant, it is less suitable for crushing stone or castle.
Alfred Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, was an industrialist, engineer, and inventor. He built bridges and buildings in Stockholm and established the first rubber plant in Sweden. Its construction work inspired him to examine new methods of stone blasting more effectively than black powder. After some bad business dealings in Sweden, in 1838 Immanuel moved his family to Saint Petersburg, where Alfred and his brothers were educated privately under Swedish and Russian tutors. At the age of 17, Alfred was sent abroad for two years; in the United States he met Swedish engineer John Ericsson and in France studied under the famous chemist ThÃÆ' Â © ophile-Jules Pelouze, who first synthesized nitroglycerin in 1847 with Italian student Ascanio Sobrero. In France Nobel first discovered nitroglycerin, which Pelouze warned not to be used as a commercial explosive device due to its high volatility.
In 1857, Nobel submitted the first of several hundred patents, mostly on air pressure, gas and liquid measuring devices, but remained fascinated with the potential of nitroglycerin as an explosive. Nobel, along with his father and brother Emil, experimented with various combinations of nitroglycerin and black powder. Nobel came up with a solution how to detonate nitroglycerin by creating a detonator, or an explosive cap, which allowed a controlled explosion ranging from a distance using a fuse. In the summer of 1863, Nobel made his first successful detonation of pure nitroglycerin, using an explosive cap made of copper percussion cap and mercury fulminate. In 1864, Alfred Nobel filed a patent for an explosive cap and his method synthesized nitroglycerin, which was composed of sulfuric acid, nitric acid and glycerin. On September 3, 1864, while experimenting with nitroglycerin, Emil and several others were killed in an explosion at a plant in the Immanuel Nobel field in Heleneborg. After this, Alfred founded the company Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget AB in Vinterviken to continue working in a more isolated area and the next year moved to Germany, where he founded another company, Dynamit Nobel.
Despite the invention of the explosive cap, the volatility of nitroglycerin makes it useless as a commercial explosive. To solve this problem, Nobel seeks to combine it with other substances that will make it safe for transportation and handling but has not reduced its effectiveness as an explosive. He tried a combination of cement, coal, and sawdust, but to no avail. Finally, he tried diatoms, fossil algae, which he brought from the Elbe River near his Hamburg factory, which successfully stabilized nitroglycerin into portable explosives.
Nobel obtained a patent for his invention in England on May 7, 1867 and in Sweden on October 19, 1867. After its introduction, dynamite quickly gained widespread use as a safe alternative to black powder and nitroglycerin. Nobel strictly controls the patent, and the unlicensed multiplier company is immediately closed. However, some American entrepreneurs get patents using slightly different formulas.
Nobel originally sold dynamite as "Nobel's Blasting Powder" but decided to rename it to dynamite, from the Ancient Greek word dÃÆ'½namis (? ???? ), which means "power".
Maps Dynamite
Producing
Composition
Nitroglycerin by itself is a very powerful, but highly shock-sensitive (that is, a physical shock can cause an explosion) explosion, and decreases over time to a more unstable form, which makes it extremely dangerous to transport or use. Dynamite combines nitroglycerine with absorbents and stabilizers, making it safe to use while maintaining its strong explosive properties.
The original composition of Nobel dynamite consists of three parts "explosive oil" (such as nitroglycerin), one part of diatomaceous soil as an absorbent, and a small mixture of sodium carbonate antacid as a stabilizer. Ethylene glycol dinitrate is then added to nitroglycerin to lower the freezing point and keep it from freezing into mud at low temperatures, which makes it unstable, or due to sweating when thawed. Diatomaceous earth is not normally used today as an absorbent medium and has been replaced by cheaper media such as sawdust, wood pulp, starch, or starch. Other stabilizers, such as calcium carbonate or zinc oxide, may be used in place of sodium carbonate. Sodium nitrate is added to the medium as an oxidizer to increase brisance dynamite.
Form
Dynamite is usually sold in the form of a cardboard cylinder about 20 cm (8 inches) and about 3.2 cm (1.25 inches) weighing about 190 grams ( 1 / 2 troy pound). The resulting dynamite stick contains about 1 MJ (megajoule) of energy. Other sizes are also present, ranked by section (Quarter-Stick or Half-Paste) or by weight.
Dynamite is usually judged by "heavy strength" (the amount of nitroglycerin it contains), usually from 20% to 60%. For example, 40% dynamite is made up of 40% nitroglycerin and 60% "cannabis" (absorbent absorbent medium mixed with stabilizers and additives).
Storage Considerations
Maximum lifespan of nitroglycerin-based dynamite is recommended as one year from the date of manufacture under good storage conditions.
Over time, regardless of the sorbent used, the dynamite wand will "drip" or "sweat" nitroglycerin, which can then pool over the bottom of the box or storage area. Therefore, the explosive manual recommends the repeated redirection of dynamite boxes in storage. Crystals will form on the outside of the stick causing them more shock, friction, and temperature sensitive. This creates a very dangerous situation. While the risk of explosion without using a minimum explosive cap for dynamite dynamite, dangerous old dynamite. Modern packaging helps eliminate this by putting dynamite into a sealed plastic bag, and using a cardboard-covered candle.
Dynamite is quite sensitive to surprises. Shock resistance test is usually done with a falling hammer: about 100 mg of explosives are placed on the runway, where the weight between 0.5 and 10 kg is dropped from different heights until detonation is reached. With a 2-kg hammer, mercury fulminate erupts with a 1 to 2 cm drop, nitroglycerin 4 to 5 cm, dynamite of 15 to 30 cm, and ammonia explosive with 40 to 50 cm.
Primary producer
South Africa
For decades beginning in the 1940s, the world's largest dynamite manufacturer was the South African Union. There De Beers company established a factory in 1902 in Somerset West. The explosives plant is then operated by AECI (African Explosives and Chemical Industries). Demand for the product comes primarily from the country's vast gold mine, based in Witwatersrand. The factory in Somerset West operated in 1903 and in 1907 already produced 340,000 cases, each 23 kilograms (50 pounds) per year. A rival factory in Modderfontein produces 200,000 cases per year.
There were two huge explosions at the Somerset West plant during the 1960s. Some workers die, but the loss of life is limited by the modular design of the plant and its soil work, and the planting of trees that directs the explosion upward. There were several other explosions at the Modderfontein plant. After 1985, pressure from unions forced AECI to stop dynamite production. The plant then proceeded to produce safer ammonium nitrate-based explosives that were safer to produce and handle.
United States
Dynamite was first produced in the US by Giant Powder Company of San Francisco, California whose founder had acquired the exclusive rights of the Nobel in 1867. The giant was eventually acquired by EI du Pont de Nemours Company which later produced under the name Giant until the company was dissolved by Du Pont in 1905. Thereafter, Du Pont produced dynamite under its own name until 1911-12 when its explosive monopoly was solved by the US Circuit Court in the "Case of Powder". Two new companies formed after the break up, Hercules Powder Company and Atlas Powder Company took the manufacture of dynamite (in different formulations) thereafter.
Currently only Dyno Nobel produces dynamite in the US. The only producing facility was located in Carthage, Missouri, but the material was purchased from Dyno Nobel by other manufacturers, who put their labels on dynamite and box.
Non-dynamite explosives
Other explosives are often called or confused with dynamite:
TNT
TNT is most commonly assumed to be the same as (or confused for) Dynamite, largely because of ubiquitous both explosives during the 20th century and civil practice of setting up a Dynamite charge in an 8x1 "" stick "wrapped in red and shaped wax paper to fit the drill hole cylinder drilled on the rock surface, The wrong connection between TNT and Dynamite is enhanced by the Bugs Bunny cartoon in which the animator begins labeling any type of cartoon bomb (from Dynamite stick to black powder barrel) as "TNT" because the acronym is shorter, more easy to remember and does not require literacy to recognize "TNT" means "bomb" (similar to the use of XXX marks on bottles of whiskey and barrels in cartoons).This eventually leads to a common perception that TNT and Dynamite are one and the same.
In fact, apart from these two high explosives, TNT and Dynamite have very little in common: TNT is the 2nd generation castable explosive that was adopted by a full sixty-year military after Dynamite, which is a 1st generation devastating explosive primarily intended for civil civilian displacement. TNT is never popular or widespread in civilian earth, as it is much more expensive and less robust by weight than Dynamite, and becomes slower to mix and pack into cylindrical drill holes; for its part, Dynamite has never been popular in warfare because it degenerates rapidly in severe conditions and can be blown up by fire or stubborn bullets. TNT's main asset is its incredible sensitivity and stability: a better full-generation than Dynamite, it is waterproof and unable to blow up without the extreme shock and heat provided by an explosive (or sympathetic) cap; it is also possible to melt at 178 Â ° F, poured into a high explosive shell and allowed to re-solidify without additional hazards or changes in TNT characteristics. Thus, over 90% of TNT produced in America is always for the military market, with most filling shells, hand grenades and aerial bombs and the rest packed in brown bricks (instead of red cylinders) for use as a demolition cost. by combat engineers.
"Extra" dynamite
In the United States, in 1885, chemist Russell S. Penniman discovered "ammonium dynamite", a form of explosive using ammonium nitrate instead of the more expensive nitroglycerin. Ammonium nitrate has only 85% nitroglycerin chemical energy.
This is assessed by "heavy strength" (the amount of ammonium nitrate in the medium) or "cartridge strength" (the potential explosive force generated by a number of explosives of a given density and grain size used compared to the explosive force generated by equivalent density and size granules of standard explosives). For example, high explosives 65% Extra Dynamite have a weight strength of 65% ammonium nitrate and 35% "dope" (absorbent media mixed with stabilizers and additives). The "strength of the card" is its weight in pounds times its strength in relation to the same number of ANFOs (basic civil line standards) or TNT (military base line standards). For example, 65% of ammonium dynamite with 20% cartridge strength means the rod is equal to the weight strength equivalent to 20% ANFO.
"Military dynamite"
"Military Dynamite" is a dynamite replacement, formulated without nitroglycerin. It contains 75% RDX, 15% TNT, 5% SAE 10 motor oil, and 5% cornstarch, but is much safer to store and handle for longer than dynamite dynamite. Military dynamite replaces a more stable chemical for nitroglycerin.
Rule
Countries around the world have enforced explosive laws and require licenses to manufacture, distribute, store, use, and own explosives or materials.
See also
- Fishing explosion
- Blasting Machine
- Dynamite guns
- Nobel Prize
- Relative effectiveness factor
References
Further reading
- Cartwright, A. P. (1964). The Dynamite Company: The Story of African Explosives and Chemical Industries Limited . Cape Town: Purnell & amp; Sons (S.A.) (Pty) Ltd.
- SchÃÆ'¼ck, H. and Sohlman, R. (1929). The Life of Alfred Nobel . London: William Heinemann Ltd.
External links
- Alfred Nobel
- Oregon State Police - Combustion and Explosive Section (Handling instructions and photos)
- Detonator cable
- AS. Patent 78,317
- AS. Patent RE2,538 Improved process produces explosive compound
- Dynamite and TNT in Periodic Video Table (University of Nottingham)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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