Comparative anatomy is the study of the similarities and differences of different species of anatomy. This is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (species evolution).
Science began in the classical era, continuing in early modern times with the work of Pierre Belon who noted the similarity of human and bird skeletons.
Comparative anatomy has provided evidence of common ancestry, and has helped in animal classification.
Video Comparative anatomy
Histori
The first special anatomical investigation separate from the surgical or medical procedure was attributed to an early commentator with Alcmaeon of Croton. Pierre Belon, a French naturalist born in 1517, conducted research and held discussions about the dolphin embryo and the comparison between bird skeletons and human skeletons. His research led to modern comparative anatomy.
Around the same time, Andreas Vesalius also made some of his own moves. A young anatomist of Flemish descent who is famous for his fondness for an amazing chart, he systematically investigates and improves the anatomical knowledge of Greek physician Galen. He noticed that many of Galen's observations were not even based on actual humans. Instead, they are based on animals like cattle. Until then, Galen and his teachings had become the authority of human anatomy. The irony is that Galen himself has emphasized the fact that one must make his own observations rather than use another, but this counsel is lost during many translations of his work. When Vesalius began to uncover these mistakes, other doctors at the time began to trust their own observations more than Galen did. An interesting observation made by some of these doctors is the existence of homologous structures in a variety of animals including humans. This observation was later used by Darwin when he formed his theory of Natural Selection.
Edward Tyson is considered the founder of modern comparative anatomy. He is credited with determining that whales and dolphins are, in fact, mammals. Also, he concluded that chimpanzees are more similar to humans than monkeys because of their arms. Marco Aurelio Severino also compared various animals, including birds, in his book Zootomia democracyitaea , one of the first comparative anatomical works. In the 18th and 19th centuries, great anatomists such as George Cuvier, Richard Owen, and Thomas Henry Huxley revolutionized our understanding of the foundation and systematics of vertebrates, which laid the foundation for Charles Darwin's work on evolution. An example of 20th century comparative anatomy is the Victor Negus, which works on the structure and evolution of the larynx. Until the emergence of genetic techniques such as DNA sequencing, comparative anatomy along with embryology is the main tool for understanding phylogeny, as exemplified by Alfred Romer's work.
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Drafts
The two main concepts of comparative anatomy are:
- Homologous structures (structures (parts of body/anatomy) are similar in different species because the species have the same offspring and have evolved, usually differently, from common ancestors. They may or may not perform the same function. An example is the front leg structure shared by cats and whales.
- Analog structures - similar structures in different organisms because, in convergent evolution, they evolved in the same environment, rather than inherited from a common ancestor recently. They usually serve the same or similar purpose. An example is a slim torpedo body shape of a dolphin and a shark. So even though they evolved from different ancestors, the dolphins and sharks developed analogous structures as a result of their evolution in the same aquatic environment. This is known as homoplasy.
Usage
Comparative anatomy has long served as evidence of evolution, now joined in that role by comparative genomics; this indicates that the organism has the same ancestor.
It also helps scientists in classifying organisms based on similar characteristics of their anatomical structures. A common example of comparative anatomy is the similar bone structure in cat, whale, bat, and human forelimbs. All of these appendages consist of the same basic parts; however, they serve a completely different function. The frame parts that make up the structure used for swimming, such as the fins, would not be ideal for wing forming, which is more suitable for flight. One explanation for compositions like forelimbs is decreased by modification. Through random mutation and natural selection, the anatomical structure of each organism is gradually adapted to its own habitat. The rules for the development of distinctive characteristics are significantly different from the general homology implied by Karl Ernst von Baer as the law now named after him.
See also
- Klasistika
- Evolution of biological development
- Phylogenetic
- Transcendental anatomy
- An outline of biology # Anatomy
References
Bibliography
- LÃÆ'¶w, PÃÆ'Ã… © ter et al. (2016). Atlas of Anatomy and Animal Histology . Springer, [1].
- Wake up, M.H. (ed.) (1979). Hyman Computational Vertebrang Anatomy . 3rd edition. University of Chicago Press, [2].
- Zboray, GÃÆ'Ã… © za et al. (2010). Atlas of comparative sectional anatomy of 6 invertebrates and 5 vertebrates . Wien: Springer, 295p., [3].
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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