ankle , or talocrural area , is the area where the legs and feet meet. The ankle includes three joints: the right ankle joint or the talocrural joint , the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. Movement produced in this joint is dorsofleksi and plantarfleksi foot. In general usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terms, "ankle" (without qualification) can refer widely to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.
The main bone of the ankle area is the talus (in the leg), and the tibia and fibula (in the legs). The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal end of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The articulation between the tibia and the talus is heavier than that between the smaller fibula and the talus.
Video Ankle
Structure
Territory
As an area, the ankle is found at the intersection of the foot and leg. It extends downward (distal) from the smallest point on the lower leg and covers the legs closer to the body (proximal) to the heel and the upper surface (dorsum) of the foot.
Ankle joint
Talocrural joints are the only dependents and joints of thorns in the human body. the term equates the frame structure to a woodworking joint with the same name. The ankle bone architecture consists of three bones: the tibia, the fibula, and the talus. The articular surface of the tibia may be referred to as ceiling (French for "ceiling"). Medial malleolus is a bone process that extends away from the medial tibia. The most distal aspect of the fibula is called the lateral maleleus. Together, malleoli, together with its supporting ligaments, stabilize the talus beneath the tibia.
Because subtalar joint motions contribute significantly to the positioning of the legs, some authors will describe it as an ankle joint, and invoke the talocrural joints of the upper ankle joint.
The bone curve formed by the tibial plafond and two malleoli is referred to as the "mortise" (or talar mortise) ankles. The mantle is a rectangular socket. The ankle is composed of three joints: the talocrural joints (also called talotibial, tibiotalar joint, talary mortise, joint joint), subtalar joints (also called talocalcaneal), and inferior tibiofibular joints. The joint surface of all bones in the ankle is covered with articular cartilage.
The distance between the bones in the ankle is as follows:
- Talus - medial malleolus: 1.70 Ã, Â ± 0.13 mm
- Talus - tibial plafond: 2.04 Ã, Â ± 0,29Ã, mm
- Talus - lateral malleolus: 2,13 Ã, Â ± 0.20 mm
The decreased distance indicates osteoarthritis.
Ligaments
The ankle joint is bound by a strong deltoid ligament and three lateral ligaments: the anterior talofibular ligament, the posterior talofibular ligament, and the calcaneofibular ligament.
- The deltoid ligament supports the medial side of the joint, and attaches to the medial malfunction of the tibia and connects in four places to the calcaneonavicular talar ridge, the calcaneonavicular ligament, navicular tuberosity, and to the medial surface of the talus.
- The anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments support the lateral side of the joints from the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the dorsal and ventral talus.
- The calcaneofibular ligament attaches to the lateral malleolus and to the lateral surface of the calcaneus.
Although it does not span the ankle joint itself, syndesmotic ligaments make important contributions to ankle stability. This ligament extends syndesmosis, the articulation between the medial aspect of the distal fibula and the lateral aspect of the distal tibia. This isolated injury to the ligaments is often called a high ankle sprain.
The ankle joint architecture is most stable in dorsiflexion. Thus, sprained ankles are more likely to occur when the ankle is flexed plantar, because ligament support is more important in this position. A classic ankle sprain involves the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), which is also the most commonly injured ligament during a sprained inversion. Another ligament that can be injured in a severe ankle sprain is the calcaneofibular ligament.
Retinacula, tendon and synovial sheath, vessels and nerves
A number of tendons pass through the ankle area. Bands of the connective tissue called retinacula (single: retinaculum) allow the tendons to exert force at the angle between the legs and feet without lifting away from the corner, a process called bowstring.
- The superior extensor retinaculum extends between the anterior (front) of the tibia and the fibula near the lower (distal) end. It contains the anterior tibial artery and vein and the anterior tibialis muscle tendon in the unsheathed tendon and tendon sheaths of the extensor hallusus longus and the extensor digitorum longus muscle. The deep peroneal nerve passes below the retinaculum while the superficial peroneal nerve is outside.
- The inferior extensor leg retinaculum is a Y-shaped structure. The lateral attachment of the calcaneus, and the band travels to the anterior tibia where it is attached and blends with the superior extensor retinaculum. Along those lines, the band splits and another segment attaches to the plantar aponeurosis. The tendons passing through the superior extensor retinaculum are all enclosed all the way through the inferior extensor retinaculum and the muscular tendons of the fibular fibers are also contained in the retinaculum.
- The flexor retinaculum of the foot extends from the medial malleolus to the calcaneus medical process, and the following structures in the order from medial to lateral: posterior tibial muscle tendon, flexor digitorum longus muscle tendon, posterior and venous tibial artery, tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis muscle tendon longus.
- Fibular retinacula
- Fibula superior retinaculum
- Inferior fiber retinaculum
Mechanoreceptors
The armor mechanismoreceptors send proprioceptive sensory inputs to the central nervous system (CNS). Spindle muscles are considered the main type of mechanoreceptor responsible for the proprioceptive attributes of the ankle. Spindle muscles provide feedback to the CNS system at the current length of the supplied muscles and for any lengthy changes that occur.
It was hypothesized that spindle muscle feedback from ankle dorsiflexors played the most important role in proprioception relative to other cross-muscle receptors in the ankle joint. However, because of the multi-planar range of motion in the ankle joint there is not one muscle group responsible for this. This helps to explain the relationship between ankle and balance.
In 2011, the relationship between proprioception on the ankle and balance performance was seen on CNS. This is done by using an fMRI machine to see changes in brain activity when ankle receptors are stimulated. It involves the ankle directly with the ability to balance. Further research is needed to see how far the ankle affects the balance.
Maps Ankle
Function
Historically, the ankle role in locomosi has been discussed by Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci. There is no question that the ankle push is a significant force in the human walking force, but how much energy is used in a leg swing as opposed to advancing the whole body mass center is unclear.
Clinical interests
Traumatic injury
Of all the major joints, the ankle is the most frequently injured. If the outer surface of the foot is twisted under the leg while holding the load, the lateral ligament, especially the anterior talofibular, may be torn (sprained) as it is weaker than the medial ligament and holds the talocural rotation inward. together.
Fracture
Symptoms of ankle fractures can be similar to a sprained ankle (pain), although they are often more severe when compared. It is rare for a sprained ankle joint in the presence of a ligament injury alone.
Talus is most often divided by two methods. The first is hyperdorsiflexion, in which the talus neck is forced against the tibia and fractures. The second jumps from a height - the body is cracked because the talus transmits the force from the foot to the lower extremity bone.
In the ankle fracture setting, the talus may become unstable and subluxation or dislocation. People may complain of ecchymosis (bruises), or there may be abnormal positions, abnormal movements, or lack of movement. Diagnosis is usually done with X-rays. Care either through operation or casting depends on the type of fracture.
Imaging
The initial evaluation of alleged ankle pathology is usually done by radiography, with three major anatomic signs for ligament injury. The first is a tibiofibular empty space, the horizontal distance from the lateral border of the posterior tibia malleolus to the medial border of the fibula, with more than 5 mm becoming abnormal. The second is overlapping tibiofibular , the horizontal distance between the medial border of the fibula and the anterior tibial lateral border protruding, with less than 10 mm becoming abnormal. The final measurements are medial empty space, the distance between the lateral aspect of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the talus at the level of the talar dome, with measurements greater than 4 mm abnormally.. The loss of one of these normal anatomical spaces may indirectly reflect ligament injury or occult fractures, and may be followed by MRI or CT.
History
The word ankle or ancle is common, in various forms, into Germanic, probably connected in origin with Latin angulus , or Greek ??????? , which means crooked.
Other animals
Evolution
It has been suggested that the control of the agile toes has disappeared for the more accurate voluntary control of the ankle joint.
Footnote
See also
Media terkait dengan Ankles di Wikimedia Commons
- Kaki
- Kaki
Referensi
- Anderson, Stephen A.; Calais-Germain, Blandine (1993). Anatomi Gerakan . Chicago: Eastland Press. ISBN: 0-939616-17-3.
- McKinley, Michael P.; Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J. (2000). Anatomi Manusia . Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0-13-010011-0. Â
- Marieb, Elaine Nicpon (2000). Esensi Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia . San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBNÂ 0-8053-4940-5.
Gambar Tambahan
Tautan eksternal
- Ardizzone, Remy; Valmassy, ​​Ronald L. (Oktober 2005). "Cara Mendiagnosis Lateral Ankle Injuries". Podiatri Hari Ini . Diperoleh 21 September, 2017 . Â
- Haddad, Steven L. (ed). "Foot & amp; Ankle". Sambungan ortopedi Anda (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons). Diarsipkan dari yang asli pada 23 Maret 2010 . Diperoleh 21 September, 2017 . CS1 maint: Teks tambahan: daftar penulis (tautan)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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