Andreas Vesalius

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Andreas Vesalius ( ; 31 December 1514 - 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De Humani corporis fabrica ( On Fabric of the Human Body ). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He was born in Brussels, then part of the Dutch Habsburg. He was a professor at the University of Padua and later became an Imperial physician in the court of Emperor Charles V.

Andreas Vesalius is the Latin form of the Latin Andries van Wesel . It was a common practice among European scholars in his day to make their name Latin. Her name is also given as Andrea Vesalius, AndrÃÆ' © VÃÆ' © sale , Andrea Vesalio , Andreas Vesal , < i> Andrà © Vesalio and Andre Vesale .

Video Andreas Vesalius

Early life and education

Vesalius was born to Andries van Wesel to his father Andries van Wesel and his mother Isabel Crabbe on 31 December 1514 in Brussels, which later became part of the Dutch Habsburg. His great-grandfather Jan van Wesel, probably born in Wesel, received a medical degree from the University of Pavia and taught medicine in 1528 at the University of Leuven. His grandfather, Everard van Wesel, was the Imperial Doctor Emperor Maximilian, while his father, Anders van Wesel, served as apothecary for Maximilian, and then valet de chambre for his successor Charles V. Anders encouraged his son to continue the family tradition, and enrolled him in the Brethren of Common Life in Brussels to study Greek and Latin before studying medicine, according to the standards of the times.

In 1528 Vesalius entered the University of Leuven (Pedagogium Castrense) took the art, but when his father was appointed Valet de Chambre in 1532, he decided to pursue a career in the military at the University of Paris, where he moved in 1533. there he studied the Galenian theory under the auspices of Jacques Dubois (Jacobus Sylvius) and Jean Fernel. It was at this point that he developed an interest in anatomy, and he was often found examining bones unearthed in cemetery homes at the Tol Toll Inn Cemetery.

Vesalius was forced to leave Paris in 1536 for the opening of hostilities between the Holy Roman Empire and France and back to Leuven. He completed his studies there under Johann Winter von Andernach and graduated the following year. Thesis, Paraphrasis in nonum librum Rhazae medici arabis clariss. ad regem Almansorum de affectuum singularum corporis partium curatione , is a comment on the ninth book of Rhazes. He stayed at Leuven only briefly before leaving after a dispute with his professor. After a brief stay in Venice in 1536, he moved to the University of Padua ( University artistarum ) to study his medical doctorate, which he received in 1537.

Maps Andreas Vesalius

Careers and medical achievements

On the day of graduation he immediately offered a surgical chair and anatomy ( explicator chirurgiae ) in Padua. He also gave guest lectures in Bologna and Pisa. Before taking his place in Padua, Vesalius traveled through Italy, and helped the future of Pope Paul IV and Ignatius of Loyola to heal those suffering from Hansen's disease (leprosy). In Venice, he met illustrator Johan van Calcar, a Titian student. It was with van Calcar that Vesalius published his first anatomy text, Tabulae Anatomicae Sex, in 1538. Previously this topic had been taught primarily from reading classical texts, especially Galen, followed by slaughter of animals by barbers. -surgeon whose work is directed by the lecturer. No attempt was made to confirm Galen's claim, which was deemed irresistible. Vesalius, on the other hand, performs surgery as the primary teaching tool, handles the actual work himself and urges students to perform the surgery on their own. Direct, direct observation, considered the only reliable resource, a great pause with medieval practice, which prohibits human dissection.

Vesalius creates detailed illustrations of anatomy for students in the form of six large wooden posters. When he discovered that some of them were being copied extensively, he published it all in 1538 under the title Tabulae anatomicae sex. He followed this in 1539 with the latest version of the Guinter anatomy handbook, Institutiones anatomicae.

In 1539 he also published a Venesection letter on bloodshed. This is a popular treatment for almost any disease, but there is some debate about where to draw blood. The classical Greek procedure, suggested by Galen, is to collect blood from a site near the site of the disease. However, the practice of Muslims and the Middle Ages was to draw a small amount of blood from distant locations. The Vesalius pamphlet generally supported Galen's view, but with a qualification that rejected Galen's infiltration.

In 1541 when in Bologna, Vesalius found that all of Galen's research should be restricted to animals; since dissection has been banned in ancient Rome. Galen has dissected a Barbary monkey instead, which he deems very close to humans. Although Galen made many mistakes because of the anatomical material available to him, he was a qualified examiner, but his research was weakened by stating his findings philosophically that led to facts more based on religion than on science. Vesalius contributed to the edition of Giunta's work of the new Galen and began writing his own anatomical text based on his own research. Until Vesalius showed animal substitution for human anatomy, Galen had escaped attention and had long been the basis for studying human anatomy. However, some people still choose to follow Galen and hate Vesalius for drawing attention to differences.

Galen assumes that arteries carry the purest blood to higher organs such as the brain and lungs of the left ventricle of the heart, while the veins carry blood to the lower organs such as the abdomen of the right ventricle. For this theory to be true, some kind of opening is needed to connect the ventricle, and Galen claims to have found it. So most important is the authority of Galen who during 1400 years of succession anatomist has claimed to find this hole, until Vesalius claimed he could not find it. Nonetheless, he dared not deny Galen about the distribution of blood, as it can not offer any other solution, and thus suspect that it is spreading through an unbroken partition between the ventricles.

Another notable example of Vesalius which does not prove Galen's statement is his discovery that the lower jaw (lower jaw) consists only of one bone, not two (which Galen assumes based on animal surgery) and that humans do not have mirabile, the blood vessel network at the base of the brain found in sheep and other ungulates.

In 1543, Vesalius performed a general operation of Jakob Karrer von Gebweiler's body, a well-known criminal from the city of Basel, Switzerland. He collected and articulated the bones, eventually donating the skeleton to the University of Basel. This preparation ("The Basel Skeleton") is Vesalius's only well-preserved skeletal preparation, as well as the oldest remaining anatomical preparations in the world. It is still displayed at the Basel Anatomy Museum.

In the same year Vesalius stayed in Basel to help Johannes Oporinus publish seven volumes of human humans corporis fabrica In a human body cloth, a groundbreaking work of the human anatomy he dedicated to Charles V. Many believe it is illustrated by Titian disciple Jan Stephen van Calcar, but the evidence is lacking, and it is unlikely that an artist creates all 273 illustrations in a very short period of time. At about the same time he published a short edition for the student, Andrea Vesalii suorum de humani corporis fabrica librorum emblem , and dedicated it to Philip II of Spain, the son of Emperor. The work, now collectively referred to as Fabrica of Vesalius, is a breakthrough in the history of medical publishing and is considered a major step in the development of scientific medicine. Because of this, it marks the formation of anatomy as a modern descriptive science.

Although Vesalius's work is not the first work based on actual dissection, or even the first work of this era, the quality of production, the very detailed and complicated plates, and the possibility that the artists who produced it clearly present personally in the dissection made it an instant classic. The pirated edition is immediately available, an event Vesalius recognized in the printer records will occur. Vesalius was 28 years old when the first edition of Fabrica was published.

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Imperial physician and death

Immediately after publication, Vesalius was invited to become an imperial physician to the court of Emperor Charles V. He informed the Venetian Senate that he would leave his post in Padua, encouraging Duke of Cosimo I de Medici to invite him to move to an increasingly widespread university. in Pisa, which he refused. Vesalius took up the position offered at the imperial palace, where he had to deal with another doctor who taunted him for being a barber surgeon rather than an academic working on the basis of a respected theory.

In the 1540s, shortly after entering the emperor's ministry, Vesalius married Anne van Hamme, from Vilvorde, Belgium. They had a daughter, named Anne, who died in 1588.

For the next eleven years, Vesalius traveled with the courts, healed injuries caused in combat or tournament, conducted postmortem, administered medicine, and wrote personal letters addressing specific medical questions. During these years he also wrote Epistle on the China root, a brief text of the qualities of a medical plant whose power is in doubt, and a defense of his anatomical findings. This led to a series of new attacks on his work calling him to be punished by the emperor. In 1551, Charles V commissioned an investigation in Salamanca to investigate the religious implications of his method. Although Vesalius's work was cleansed by the council, the attack continued. Four years later one of his main critics and one-time professor, Jacobus Sylvius, published an article stating that the human body itself has changed since Galen learned it.

After the release of Emperor Charles V, Vesalius continued at the palace with great help with his son Philip II, who rewarded him with a lifetime retirement by making him a palatina count. In 1555 he published the revised edition of De humani corporis fabrica .

In 1564 Vesalius went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, some saying, after being accused of dissecting a living body. He sailed with the Venetian fleet under James Malatesta through Cyprus. When he reached Jerusalem, he received a message from the Venetian Senate who asked him again to accept the office of the Alloy teacher, which became empty due to the death of his friend and disciple, Fallopius.

After struggling for several days with strong winds in the Ionian Sea, he was stranded on the island of Zakynthos. Here he immediately dies, in such debt a generous man is kind enough to pay for his funeral. At the time of his death he was almost fifty years old. He is buried somewhere on the island of Zakynthos (Zante).

For many years it was assumed that Vesalius's pilgrimage was due to pressure from the Inquisition. Today this assumption is generally regarded as without foundation and dismissed by modern biographers. It appears that the story was spread by Hubert Languet, a diplomat under Emperor Charles V and then under Prince Orange, who declared in 1565 that Vesalius had autopsied a nobleman in Spain while his heart was still beating, causing the Inquisition to condemn him to death. The story goes on to claim that Philip II has been serving a lightened sentence into a pilgrimage. This story appeared several times over the next few years, living to this day.

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Publications

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

In 1543, Vesalius asked Johannes Oporinus to publish the book De humani corporis fabrica , a work of human anatomical breakthrough that he dedicated to Charles V and which many believed described by Titian disciples, Jan Stephen van Calcar.

At the same time he published another version of his great work, entitled De humani corporis fabrica librorum symbol ( Abridemen Human Body Structure ) better known as Epitome , with a stronger focus on illustrations than text, thus helping the reader, including medical students, to easily understand his findings. The actual text of Epitome is a shortened form of his work in Fabrica , and the organization of the two books is quite varied. He dedicated it to Philip II of Spain, the son of the Emperor.

The Fabrica emphasizes the priority of dissection and what is then called the "anatomical" view of the body, sees the internal function of humans as a result of the body's core structure filled with organs arranged in three dimensions. room. His book contains pictures of several organs on two leaves. This allows for the creation of a three-dimensional diagram by cutting the organ and attaching it to a skinned figure. This is in stark contrast to many previously used anatomical models, which have strong Galenic/Aristotelean elements, as well as astrological elements. Although modern anatomical texts have been published by Mondino and Berenger, much of their work is covered by respect for Galen and Arab doctrines.

In addition to the first good description of the sphenoid bone, he suggests that the sternum consists of three parts and a five or six sacrum, and accurately depicts the front space on the inside of the temporal bone. He not only verified Estienne's observations on the hepatic vein valve, but also described the azygos vein, and found a channel passing through the fetus between the umbilical vein and the cava vein, since named ductus venosus. He describes the omentum and its relationship to the stomach, spleen and colon; provide the first true view of the structure of the pylorus; observing small size of the appendix in humans; gave the first report of mediastinum and pleura and the most complete description of the anatomy of the brain up to that time. He does not understand the inferior niche, and his account of the nerves is confused by considering the optics as the first pair, the third being the fifth, and the fifth as the seventh.

In this work, Vesalius was also the first to describe mechanical ventilation. Much of this achievement has resulted in Vesalius being incorporated into the Australian College of Anesthetist colleges and college emblems.

Quote

When I do a human pelvic surgery I pass a fat rope tied up like a snare under the lower jaw and through a zigoma above my head... The bottom end of the trap I run through a fixed pulley to radiate in the room so I can raise or lower the corpse as it depends on there or whirring in any direction that suits my purpose;... You must be careful not to put a strap around the neck, unless some muscles connected to the occipital bone have been cut.

Other publications

In 1538, Vesalius wrote Epistola, documenting the axillarem dextri cubiti vest in the lateral dolore secandam (letter A, taught that in cases of pain on the side, the axillary veins of the right elbow were cut off), commonly known as Venesection Letter , which shows a revived venesection, a classic procedure in which blood is drawn near the site of the disease. He sought to find the right location for venesection in the pleurisy within the framework of the classical method. The true meaning of this book is its effort to support its argument with the location and continuity of the venous system from its observations rather than appeals to previously published works. With a new approach to the problem of venesection, Vesalius proposes a surprising hypothesis that anatomical dissection may be used to test speculation.

In 1546, three years after Fabrica, he wrote his book Epistola rationem modumque propinandi radicis Chynae decocti, commonly known as Epistle in China Root. As if an assessment of a popular but ineffective treatment for gout, syphilis, and stone, this work is essential as a polemic continues against Galenisme and answers to criticism in the camp of his former professor Jacobus Sylvius, now an obsessive detractor.

The influence of the Vesalius plate that symbolizes the partial dissection of a human figure posing in landscape settings is evident in the anatomical plate prepared by Baroque painter Pietro da Cortona (1596-1669), who executes anatomical plates with figures in dramatic poses, most of them with architectural or landscape background.

During the 20th century, American artist Jacob Lawrence created his Vesalius Suite based on the anatomical image of Andreas Vesalius.

"De Fabrica received the mixed acceptance when it first appeared, a strict Galena deplored the attack on their master, while other anatomists, especially in Italy, praised him as an important contribution - a reaction that eventually brought the day," concludes. Katharine Park, her comments on De Fabrica in 1998.

Like Darwin three centuries later, Vesalius rises against the towering authority of a tradition that stretches back to ancient times - here especially Galen's work - with only his experience on his side. He knows what his eyes and hands see, and concludes that traditional beliefs are wrong. In his publication, we see Vesalius doing everything he can think of to strengthen his authoritative image: publishing a large monument to himself, but presenting his work using Galen's flow chart; presents himself as a personal physician to the emperor and makes himself portrayed in a commanding position on the title page of the book; add his words with illustrations after illustration and recommend the way of experience to all his students far and wide. The guarantee: if you doubt what I say and show here, do your own anatomy, see for yourself and your experience will be like mine. The authority of winning experience against the authority of ancient sources and a new era emerged in Europe.

At the same time, Vesalius's work is part of one of the earliest known public health programs. The Council of Doges in Venice responded to the Bubonic Outbreak in the mid-14th century by directing the University of Padua Medical School to devote itself to discovering the causes of the plague, how the disease spread, how it developed in individuals, and if possible how victims could be cured. Eventually it took three centuries to find a solution, but with Venice leading the way the plague was eventually eliminated as a major killer across Europe.

See also

• Physician author
• Treatment schedule and medical technology
• Galen
• Medical Renaissance
• Brain Renaissance
• Padua University
• InVesalius
• Vesalius College

References

Source

• Dear, Peter. Revolutionize Science: European Knowledge and Ambition, 1500-1700 . Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001.
• Debus, Allen, ed. Vesalius . Who's Who in the Science World: From Antiquity to Present . 1st ed. Hanibal: Western Co., 1968.
• O'Malley, CD. Andreas Vesalius from Brussels, 1514-1564 . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.
• Porter, Roy, ed. Vesalius . The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists . 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University P, 1994.
• Saunders, JB de CM and O'Malley, Charles D. The Illustrations of Andreas Vesalius's Work from Brussels . New York: Dover, 1973 [reprint].
• "Vesalius." Encyclopedia Americana. 1992.
• Vesalius, Andreas. In the Fabric of the Human Body, is translated by W. F. Richardson and J. B. Carman. 5 vols. San Francisco and Novato: Norman Publishing, 1998-2009. The Fabric of the Human Body, Translated by Daniel H. Harrison and Malcolm H. Hast. Basel: Karger Publishing, 2013. Garrison, Daniel H. Vesalius: The Epistle Roots of China. New Translation and Critical Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• Williams, Trevor, ed. Vesalius . Dictionary of Biographical Sciences . Ed 3rd. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982.

External links

• Anatomia 1522-1867: Anatomical Plate from Thomas Fisher Rare's Book Library
• References van Andreas Vesalius
• Vesalius's  «Anatomy» Introduction by Jacqueline Vons
• Places and memories associated with Andreas Vesalius
• Play on Vesalius
• Translating Vesalius
• Ars Anatomica's collection at the University of Edinburgh drawing service (including Vesalius De Humanis Corporis Fabrica )
• Changing Pages : virtual copy of Vesalius De Humanis Corporis Fabrica . From the US National Medical Library.
• De humani corporis fabrica. Epitome colored and complete with mannequins at Cambridge Digital Library
• Text that was digitized by BibliothÃÆ'¨que interuniversitaire de santà ©  ©; see the digital library Medic @.
• Vesalius four centuries later by John F. Fulton. Lecture of Logan Clendening on history and philosophy of medicine, University of Kansas, 1950. PDF full-text.
• Andreas Vesalius, VESALIUS project . Information about the new DVD "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" ​​â € <â €
• Vesalius College in Brussels
• TV report on Vesalius's 500th anniversary by tvbrussel
• De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (1543) - full digital facsimile at Linda Hall Library

Source of the article : Wikipedia