Sheet music

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The music sheet is a handwritten or printed musical notation that uses modern music symbols to show the tone (melody), rhythm or chord of a song or instrumental piece of music. Like the analogues - printed books or pamphlets in English, Arabic or other languages ​​- media sheet music is usually paper (or, in previous centuries, papyrus or parchment), although access to musical notation since the 1980s includes a notation presentation music on computer screens and the development of computer scorewriter programs that can not distinguish songs or pieces electronically, and, in some cases, "play back" music that is notified using a synthesizer or virtual instrument.

The use of the term "sheet" is intended to distinguish the written or printed form of music from sound recordings (on tapes, tapes, CDs), radio or TV broadcasts or live performance recordings, which can record movies or videos of the show as either an audio component. In everyday use, "sheet music" (or simply "music") can refer to a commercial sheet print publication along with the launch of new movies, TV shows, recording albums, or other special or popular events involving music. The first printed sheet music made with a printing press was made in 1473.

The sheet music is the basic form in which Western classical music is notated so it can be studied and performed by a soloist or instrumentalist or musical ensemble. Many traditional and popular forms of Western music are generally studied by singers and musicians "by the ear," rather than using sheet music (although in many cases traditional and pop music may also be available in sheet music).

The term score is a common (and more common) alternative term for sheet music, and there are several types of scores, as discussed below. The term score may also refer to theater music, orchestral music or songs written for games, music, opera or ballet, or music or songs written for television or film programs; for the latter, see Movie score.

Video Sheet music

Element

Title and credits

The music sheets of the 20th and 21st centuries usually show the song title or composition on the title or cover page, or at the top of the first page, if there is no title or cover page. If a song or piece comes from a movie, Broadway music, or opera, the title of the main work from which the song/piece is taken can be indicated.

If a songwriter or composer is known, his name is usually indicated along with the title. The sheet music can also show the lyricist's name, if the lyrics are written by someone other than one of the songwriters or composers. It may also be the name of arranger, if the song or piece has been set for publication. No songwriter or composer's name can be indicated for old folk music, traditional songs in genres like blues and bluegrass, and very old and spiritual traditional hymns, because for this music writers are often unknown; in such cases, the word Traditional is often placed where the name of the composer will normally go.

Music notation

The types of music notation vary widely by genre or music style. In most classical music, melodic and accompanist sections (if any) are denoted on the line of staff using a round notes head. In classical music sheets, the staff usually contain:

1. a clef, like bass clef or treble clef
2. key sign showing keys - for example, key signatures with three sharp objects are usually used for key A major or F ? minor
3. a timestamp, which usually has two vertically aligned numbers with the bottom number indicating the value of the note representing one tap and the top number indicating how many taps in the bar - for example, the time mark ²
   ₄ indicates that there are two quarter notes per bar.

Most of the songs and songs from the Classical period (circa 1750) and so on show the tempo of the song using expressions - often in Italian - like Allegro (fast) or Grave slow) as well as the dynamics (loudness or softness). The lyrics, if any, are written near melody tones. However, music from the Baroque era (ca. 1600-1750) or the previous era may have no dynamic marks or indications. The singers and musicians of that era are expected to know what the tempo and loudness to play or sing a song or a particular work because of their music experience and knowledge. In the era of contemporary classical music (20th and 21st centuries), and in some previous cases (such as Romantic periods in German-speaking areas), composers often use their native language for indication tempo, rather than Italian (eg, "fast" or " > schnell ") or add a metronome sign (for example, = 100 beats per minute).

This convention of classical music notation, and in particular the use of English tempo instruction, is also used for the sheet music versions of popular music songs of the 20th and 21st centuries. Popular music songs often show the tempo and genre: "slow blues" or "uptempo rock". Pop songs often contain chord names on staff using letter names (eg, Major, Major, G7, etc.), so an acoustic guitarist or pianist can improvise with a chordal accompaniment.

In other musical styles, different musical notation methods can be used. In jazz, while most professional players can read "classical" style notation, many jazz songs are notated using chord diagrams, which show chord progressions of songs (eg, C, A7, d minor, G7, etc.) and shapes. Members of the jazz rhythm (piano player, jazz and bassist guitarist) use a chord chart to guide their improvisational escort while the "main instrument" in jazz groups, such as saxophone players or trumpeter players, uses chord changes to guide their solo improvisations. Like popular music songs, jazz tones often show tempo and genre: "slow blues" or "fast bop".

Musicians of professional country music sessions usually use music denoted in Nashville Number System, which shows chord progressions using numbers (this allows bandleaders to change locks on the spot). Chord charts that use Roman letters, numbers, or numbers (for example, I-IV-V) are also widely used for musical notation by blues, R & B, rock music and heavy metal musicians. Some chord diagrams do not provide rhythmic information, but others use slashes to show the beat of the bar and rhythm notation to show the synchronized "hit" the songwriter wants all bands to play together. Many guitar players and electric bass players learn songs and note tones using tablature, which is a graphical representation of frets and strings that should be played by players. "Tab" is widely used by rock music and heavy metal guitarists. Singers in many popular musical styles learn songs using only lyric sheets, learning melodies "with ears" from recording.

Maps Sheet music

Goal and use

The music sheet may be used as a note, guide, or means for performing, songs or musical works. The music sheet allows an instrumental player capable of reading musical notation (a pianist, an orchestra instrument player, a jazz band, etc.) or a singer to perform a song or piece. In classical music, authoritative music information about a piece can be obtained by studying the written sketches and early versions of compositions that composers may have, as well as final signature scores and personal marks on printed proofs and scores.

Understanding sheet music requires a special literacy form: the ability to read music notation. The ability to read or write music is not a requirement to write music. There are a number of composers and songwriters who have been able to produce music without the capacity to read or write in music notation, as long as there are people who can reliably write down the melodies they think. Examples include the 18th-century John Stanley composer and 20th-century songwriter Lionel Bart, Irving Berlin, and Paul McCartney. In addition, in the style of traditional music such as blues and folk music, there are many prolific songwriters who can not read music, and instead play and sing music "with ears".

Vision reading skills is the ability of a musician to perform an unrecognized musical work while viewing sheet music for the first time. The ability to read vision is expected from professional musicians and serious amateurs who play classical music, jazz and related forms. A smoother skill is the ability to see new pieces of music and hear most or all of the sounds (melody, harmony, tone, etc.) on a person's head without having to play a song or hear it being played or sung. Skilled composers and conductors have this ability, with Beethoven becoming a noted historical example.

The classical musicians who play orchestras, chamber music, sonatas and choirs usually have sheet music in front of them on a music stand when performing (or held in front of them in the music folder, in choir case), with the exception of solo instrumental performances from pieces solo, concerto, or solo vocals (art songs, opera arias, etc.), where memorizing is expected. In jazz, which is mostly improvisational, sheet music (called tin sheets in this context) is used to provide basic indications of melody, chord changes, and settings. Even when a jazz band has a main sheet, a chord or music chart is arranged, many elements of performance are improvised.

Handwritten or printed music is less important in other musical practice traditions, however, such as traditional music and folk music, where singers and instrumentalists usually learn the song "by ear" or from having a song or song taught to them by others. Although many popular music are published in such notations, it is very common for people to learn songs with ears. This also occurs in most forms of western folk music, where songs and dances are inherited by oral and aural traditions. Music from other cultures, both folk and classical, is often transmitted orally, although some non-Western cultures develop their own form of musical notation and music sheets.

Although sheet music is often regarded as a platform for new music and aids for compositions (ie, composers "writing" music down), it can also serve as a visual record of existing music. Scholars and others have made the transcription to make Western and non-Western music in readable form for learning, analysis and creative performance. This has been done not only with folk or traditional music (eg, BartÃÆ'³k's volume of folk music of Magyar and Romanian), but also with sound recording improvisations by musicians (eg, jazz pianos) and performances that may only be based in part on notation. The complete example of the last in recent times is the Beatles collection: Complete Score (London: Wise Publications, 1993), which attempts to transcribe into the stick and tablature of all songs as recorded by The Beatles in instrumental detail and vocals.

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Type

Modern sheet music can come in a variety of formats. If a work is composed only for one instrument or sound (such as a piece for a solo instrument or for solo sound), the entire work can be written or printed as one piece of music sheet. If the instrumental part is intended to be performed by more than one person, each player will usually have a separate piece of music sheet, called the section , to play from. This is especially true in publications of work that require more than four or more players, although always full score is also published. Sections sung in vocal works are not usually released separately these days, although this is historically the case, especially before music printing makes music sheets widely available.

The sheets of music may be published as works or individual works (eg, popular songs or Beethoven's sonata), in collections (eg works by one or several composers), as pieces made by a particular artist, etc.

When the instrumental and vocal parts separate from the music work are printed together, the resulting music sheet is called score . Conventionally, the score consists of musical notation with each instrumental or vocal part in vertical alignment (which means that concurrent events in notation for each section are arranged orthographically). The term score has also been used to refer to music sheets written for just one player. The difference between scores and sections is valid when there is more than one section required for performance.

Scores come in various formats.

Full scores, variants, and condensation

The full value is a ledger that shows the music of all instruments or sounds in compositions arranged in a fixed order. This is large enough for a conductor to be able to read while directing an orchestra or an opera and performance drill. In addition to their practical use for conductors who lead the ensemble, full scores are also used by music experts, musical theorists, composers and music students who are studying the work given.

The miniature score is like a full score but is much reduced in size. It's too small to be used in performance by a conductor, but it's useful to learn a piece of music, whether it's for a big ensemble or a soloist. Miniature score may contain some introductory words.

The study scores sometimes have the same size as, and are often indistinguishable from, miniature scores, except in names. Some of the study scores are octavo size and thus somewhere between full-size and miniature scores. The study scores, especially when part of the anthology for academic studies, may include extra comments about music and signs for learning purposes.

A piano score (or piano reduction ) is a more or less literal transcription for the piano of a section devoted to many parts of the show, especially the orchestra; this may include a pure instrumental part in a large vocal work (see vowel score directly below). Such arrangements are made for a piano solo (two hands) or a piano duet (one or two pianos, four hands). Extra small sticks are sometimes added to certain points in the piano scores for two hands to make the presentation more complete, although it is usually impractical or impossible to include it while playing.

As with the vowel score (below), it takes enough skill to reduce the orchestra score to a smaller form because the reduction must not only be played on the keyboard but also quite thorough in its presentation of harmony, texture, desired figuration, etc. Sometimes a sign is entered to indicate which instrument is being played at a certain point.

While piano scores are usually not meant for performance outside of study and pleasure (transcription of Franz Liszt's concert from the Beethoven symphony into one important exclusion group), ballet gets the most practical benefit from piano scores because with one or two pianists they allow ballet to do many exercises with a much lower cost, before the orchestra had to be hired for the final exercise. Piano scores can also be used to train the initial conductor, which can perform a pianist playing a symphony reduction piano; this is much cheaper than doing a full orchestra. The opera piano scores do not include a separate stick for the vocal part, but they can add sung texts and stage directions on top of the music.

A section is the extraction of the full score of a particular instrument section. It's used by orchestral players in performance, where full scores will be too complicated. However, in practice, it can be an important document if the work is long, and certain instruments play for most of their duration.

Vocal score

A vowel score (or, more precisely, piano-vowel score ) is a reduction in the full scores of vocal works (eg, Opera, musicals, oratorio, cantata, etc.) vocal parts (solos and choirs) on their wands and orchestral parts in piano reduction (usually for two hands) under vocal parts; the pure orchestral part of the score is also reduced for the piano. If some of his work is a cappella , piano reduction from the vocal section is often added to aid in practice (this often happens with a music cappella religious music sheet).

The piano-vocal score serves as a convenient way for vocal vocalists and choristers to learn music and practice separately from the orchestra. Musical vocal scores usually do not include oral dialogue, except gestures. Piano-vowel scores are used to provide piano accompaniment for opera, musical and oratorio performance by amateur groups and some small-scale professional groups. This can be done by a single piano player or by two piano players. With the 2000s musicals, the keyboardist might play a synthesizer instead of a piano.

Associated but less commonly related chord scores contain part of the choir with reduced accompaniment.

Comparable organ scores also exist, usually in relation to church music for sound and orchestra, such as arrangement (by later hand) of Handel's Messiah . It's like a piano-vowel score in that it includes a stick for vocal parts and reducing parts of the orchestra to be done by one person. Unlike the vocal score, organ scores are sometimes meant by the arranger to replace the orchestra in performance if required.

The collection of songs from the music provided is usually printed under the vocal selection label. This is different from the vocal score of the same show because it does not present complete music, and piano accompaniment is usually simplified and includes melodic lines.

Other types

A short score is a job deduction for many instruments only a few shoots. Instead of putting it straight in full score, many composers make up some sort of short score as they compose and then expand the full orchestration. An opera, for example, can be written first in a short score, then in full score, then reduced to a vocal score for practice. Short scores are often unpublished; they may be more common for multiple venues (eg, bands) than elsewhere. Because of their initial nature, the short value is the main reference point for composers who want to try 'completion' of other unfinished works (eg Movements 2 through 5 of the 10th Symphony Gustav Mahler or the third Deed of Alban Berg's opera Lulu ).

The open score is a polyphonic cut score that shows every vote on a separate staff. In a piece of Renaissance keyboard or Baroque, an open score of four staves is sometimes used as a substitute for a more modern convention of one staff per hand. Sometimes it is also identical to the full score (which may have more than one section per staff).

Scores from the Baroque period (1600-1750) are very often in the form of bass lines in bass clef and melodies played by the instrument or sung over a stave (or stave) in the treble clef. The bass line usually has a number written on a bass note indicating which interval above the bass (eg, chord) to play, an approach called figured bass . The numbers show the interval that the harpsichordist, pipe organ or lyre player must play on top of each bass note.

Popular music

The sheet only specifies melody, lyrics and harmony, using one staff with chord symbols placed above and the lyrics below. It's usually used in popular music and jazz to capture important elements of a song without specifying details of how the song should be organized or done.

A chord diagram (or just, chart ) contains little or no melodic information at all but provides detailed harmonic information. Some chord charts also show the rhythm that must be played, especially if there is a series of "hit" syncopes desired by the arranger so that all parts of the rhythm are displayed. Otherwise, the chord chart lets the rhythm empty or shows a slash for each tap.

This is the most common type of written music used by professional session musicians who play jazz or other popular musical forms and is meant for the rhythm section (usually containing piano, guitar, bass and drums) to improvise their accompaniment and for solo singers improvisation (eg, saxophone player or trumpet player) to be used as a reference point for their infinite line.

The fake book is a collection of jazz songs and songs with only the basic elements of music provided. There are two types of fake books: (1) a collection of lead sheets, which include melodies, chords, and lyrics (if any), and (2) song and song collection only with chords. Fake books containing only chords are used by rhythm section players (especially musicians who play chords like electric guitarists and piano and bassist players) to help guide their improvisation of the companion section for the song. Counterfeit books with only chords can also be used by "main instruments" (eg, saxophone or trumpet) as a guide for their improvised solo performances. Because melodies are not included in fake books, major instrument players are expected to know the melody.

Tabs (or tab ) is a special type of music score - usually for a solo instrument - that shows where to play a tone on a given instrument the pitches to generate, with the rhythm shown as well. Tabulature was widely used in the 2000s for electric guitar and bass songs and pieces in popular music genres such as rock music and heavy metal music. This type of notation was first used in the late Middle Ages, and has been used for keyboards (eg, pipe organs) and for stringed string instruments (harps, guitars).

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History

Precursors for sheet music

The musical notation was developed before parchment or paper was used for writing. The earliest form of musical notation can be found in a pointy tablet made in Nippur, in Sumer (today Iraq) at about 2,000 BC. These tablets are separate instructions for performing music, that the music is arranged in one-third harmony, and that it is written using a diatonic scale.

A tablet of about 1,250 BC shows a more developed form of notation. Although the interpretation of the notation system is still controversial, it is clear that the notation shows the string names on the harp, tuning described on other tablets. Although they are fragmented, this tablet represents the earliest melodies of notation found anywhere in the world.

Ancient Greek music notation was used from at least the 6th century BC to about the 4th century; some of the complete compositions and composition fragments that use this notation persist. The notation consists of symbols placed above the syllable of the text. An example of a complete composition is the epitaph of Seikilos, which dates dates from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century.

In Ancient Greek music, three hymns by the Mesomedes of Crete are in the manuscript. One of the oldest examples of musical notation is the papyrus fragment of the Hellenic era game, Orestes (408 BC) has been found, which contains a musical notation for a choir ode. Ancient Greek notation seems no longer used in the period of the Roman Empire.

Western script notation

Before the fifteenth century, Western music was written by hand and kept in manuscripts, usually tied in large volumes. The most famous example of medieval music notation is the medieval manuscript of monophonic chants. Song notation shows the tone of the melody of the song, but without indication of rhythm. In the case of medieval polyphony, like motets, the parts are written in separate sections of opposite pages. This process is aided by the emergence of the procedural notation, which also shows the rhythm and is aligned with medieval practice of arranging polyphony sections in sequence, rather than simultaneously (as in the future). Manuscripts showing shared parts in scoring formats are very rare and limited mainly to organizations, especially from Notre Dame schools. During the Middle Ages, if an Abbess wanted to have a copy of an existing composition, such as the composition held by an Abbess in another city, he would have to hire a copyist to do the task by hand, which would be a lengthy process. and one that can cause transcription errors.

Even after the advent of music printing in the mid-1400s, much music continued to exist in the composer's handwriting manuscripts until the 18th century.

Print

15th century

There are some difficulties in translating new printing technology into music. In the first print book that included music, Mainz Psalter (1457), musical notation (line and staff notes) was added by hand. This is similar to the space left in other insunabula for the capital. The psalm was printed in Mainz, Germany by Johann Fust and Peter SchÃÆ'¶ffer, and now lives in Windsor Castle and the others in the British Library. Later, the staff lines were printed, but scribes were still added in the rest of the music by hand. The biggest difficulty in using movable types to print music is that all elements must line up - the head of the record should be aligned correctly with the staff. In vocal music, texts must be aligned with the right record (although now, even in manuscripts, this is not a high priority).

Engraving music is the art of drawing high quality musical notation for mechanical reproduction purposes. The first music printing machine appeared around 1473, about 20 years after Gutenberg introduced the printing press. In 1501, Ottaviano Petrucci published Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A, containing 96 pieces of printed music. The Petrucci printing method produces clean, easy-to-read, and elegant music, but it is a long and difficult process that requires three separate feeds through the printing press. Petrucci then developed a process that only takes two through the press. But it's still tiring because each pass requires a very precise alignment so that the result can be read (that is, so the header of records will line up properly with staff lines). This is the first distributed printed polyphonic music. Petrucci also prints the first tablature with the move type. A single impression, in which line and staff records can be printed in a single passage, first appeared in London around 1520. Pierre Attaingnant brought this technique into widespread use in 1528, and it remained little changed for 200 years.

The common format for removing multi-part, polyphonic music during the Renaissance is the books of the album . In this format, each sound section for the five-part madrigal collection, for example, will be printed separately in his own book, so the five sections of the book are required to perform music. The same part book can be used by singers or instrumentalists. Scores for multi-part music were rarely printed in the Renaissance, although the use of the scoring format as a means to compile parts simultaneously (rather than successively, as in the late Middle Ages) was credited to Josquin des Prez.

The effect of the printed music is similar to the effect of the printed word, in which the information spreads faster, more efficiently, at lower costs, and to more people than can through hand-brushed hard-to-handle texts. It has the added effect of encouraging amateur musicians quite a way, who can now buy sheet music, to perform. This in many ways affects the music industry as a whole. Composers can now write more music for amateur players, knowing that it can be distributed and sold to the middle class.

This means that the composers do not have to rely entirely on the patronage of wealthy nobles. Professional players can have more music they have and they can access music from different countries. This increases the number of amateurs, from which professional players can then earn money by teaching them. However, in the early years, the cost of printed music limited its distribution. Another factor limiting the impact of printed music is that in many places, the right to print music is given by the king, and only those with special dispensations are allowed to do so, giving them a monopoly. It is often an honor (and an economic grace) given to a chosen musician or palace composer.

16th century

Engraving mechanical plates developed at the end of the sixteenth century. Although plate carvings have been used since the early 15th century to create visual art and maps, it was not applied to music until 1581. In this method, a mirror image of a complete page of music was carved into metal plates. The ink is then applied to the groove, and the music prints are transferred to the paper. Metal plates can be stored and reused, which makes this method an attractive choice for music carvers. Copper was the earliest metal of choice for the starting plate, but in the eighteenth century, tin became the standard material due to flexibility and lower cost.

The engraving plate was the preferred methodology for music printing until the end of the nineteenth century, at which point the decline was accelerated by the development of photographic technology. However, this technique has survived to this day and is sometimes still used by select publishers like G. Henle Verlag in Germany.

As the musical composition increases in complexity, so does the technology needed to produce an accurate musical score. Unlike literary printing, which mainly contains printed words, music carvings communicate several different types of information simultaneously. To be clear to musicians, it is important that engraving techniques allow for absolute precision. Chord notes, dynamic alerts, and other notations align with vertical accuracy. If text is entered, each syllable fits vertically with a given melody. Horizontally, the tapping subdivision is marked not only with their flags and blocks, but also by the relative space between them on the page. Logistics creating such exact copies poses some problems for early music sculptor, and has resulted in the development of some music carving technologies.

19th century

In the 19th century, the music industry was dominated by publishers of sheet music. In the United States, the sheet music industry increased simultaneously with blackface minstrelsy. The music publishing group, songwriter and composer based in New York City who dominate the industry is known as "Tin Pan Alley". By the mid-19th century, melodic copyright control was not so tight, and publishers often printed their own versions of popular songs at the time. With stronger copyright protection laws by the end of the century, songwriters, composers, lyricists, and publishers are starting to work together for their mutual financial gain. New York City publishers concentrate on vocal music. The largest musical houses were founded in New York City, but small local publishers - often associated with commercial printers or music stores - continue to thrive across the country. A number of immensely Eastern European immigrants became music publishers and songwriters at Tin Pan Alley - the most famous being Irving Berlin. Songwriters who became successful producers of songs were hired to become staff in music houses.

The late 19th century witnessed the huge explosion of living room music, with possession, and piano playing skills into de rigueur for middle-class families. At the end of the 19th century, if a middle-class family wanted to hear a new song or popular song, they would buy sheet music and then perform a song or piece in amateur mode in their home. But at the beginning of the 20th century, records and music recordings became very important. This, followed by the growing popularity of radio broadcasts from the 1920s, reduced the importance of music sheet publishers. The recording industry eventually replaced the publisher of sheet music as the greatest strength of the music industry.

the 20th and early 21st century

At the end of the 20th and 21st centuries, significant interest has grown in representing sheet music in computer readable formats (see music notation software), as well as downloadable files. Music OCR, software to "read" scanned music sheets so that the results can be manipulated, has been available since 1991.

In 1998, virtual music sheets expanded further into so-called digital music sheets, which for the first time allowed publishers to make copyright music sheets available for purchase online. Unlike their hard copy counterparts, these files allow for manipulations such as instrument changes, transposition playback and MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). The popularity of this instant delivery system among musicians seems to act as a new growth catalyst for the industry to the future.

The earliest computer notation program available for home computers is the Music Construction Set, developed in 1984 and released for several different platforms. Introducing a concept largely unknown to home users at the time, it enabled the manipulation of notes and symbols with a pointing device such as a mouse; users will "take" notes or symbols from the palette and "dropped" to the staff in the correct location. This program enables music playback generated through various initial sound cards, and can print music scores on a graphics printer.

Many software products for modern digital audio workstations and scorewriters for public personal computers support the creation of sheet music from MIDI files, by players playing on a keyboard with MIDI or other MIDI controllers or with manual entries using a mouse or other computer device..

In 1999, Harry Connick, Jr. find systems and methods to coordinate the look of music amongst players in the orchestra. Connick's invention is a device with a computer screen used to show sheet music for musicians in a more commonly used non-paper orchestra. Connick uses this system when touring with his big band, for example. In the world of classical music, some frictional quartet groups use computer-based sections of the screen. There are several advantages to computer-based components. Since the score is on the computer screen, the user can adjust the contrast, brightness and even note size, to make reading easier. In addition, some systems will perform "alternating pages" using the foot pedal, which means that players should not miss playing music during page turns, as is often the case with paper sections.

A special practical interest for the general public is the Mutopia project, an attempt to create a public domain sheet music library, comparable to the public domain library Project Gutenberg. The International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) also tries to create a virtual library containing all public domain music scores, as well as scores from composers willing to share their music with the world for free.

Some scorewriter computer programs have a very useful feature for composers and managers: the ability to "play back" music that is notified using a synthesizer sound or a virtual instrument. Due to the high cost of hiring a full symphony orchestra to play a new composition, before the development of this computer program, many composers and arranger can only hear their orchestra's work by arranging it for a piano, organ or string quartet. While screening a scorewiter program will not contain the feel of a professional orchestra recording, it still conveys the nuance of the tone created by the pieces and interactions of different parts.

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See also

• Choirbook, used for music choirs during the Middle Ages and Renaissance
• Eye movement in music reading
• List of Online Music Document Library Online
• Manuscript paper
• Music notes
• The Partbook, containing one section, is common during Renaissance and Baroque
• Music stand, a device that stores music sheets in the
position
• Scorewriter - music notation software
• Abbreviations for orchestral instrumentation

References

External links

Archive of scanned works

• The International Music Score Library Project (Wikipedia article) - A public domain's music sheet library featuring original scanned scans to PDF.
• Sheet Music Consortium - Metasearch using OAI-PMH.
• Music for the Nation - Sheets music files.
• American Music History Sheet - Duke University Library Digital Collection A digital image of 3042 sheets of music published in the United States between 1850 and 1920.
• Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music - Sheet Music project The Sheridan Libraries of The Johns Hopkins University.
• The University of Washington Digital Library Collection - Collection of Pacific Northwest Music Collections This collection contains historical music sheets from and about Washington State, the Pacific Northwest, and the University of Washington.
• The European Library - the most important piece of digital images of music sheets published in Europe, free access. (as of 31 December 2016, the service will no longer be available)
• Australian National Library - Australian sheet music files.
• IN Harmony: Sheet Music from Indiana - sheet music from the Indiana University Lilly Library, Indiana State Library, Indiana State Museum, and Indiana Historical Society.
• University of Virginia - 18, - 19, - and early 20th century American and European music Sheet from the University of Virginia Library.

Archive of the work in another format

• Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) - free sheet music archive with an emphasis on choir music; contains works in PDF format as well as other formats.
• The mutopia project - free sheet music archive that all pieces have just been set with GNU LilyPond as PDF and PostScript.
• Project Gutenberg - the band part of Project Gutenberg contains works in Finale or MusicXML format.
• Three examples of sheet music as an interactive hypermedia in BinAural Collaborative Hypertext.
• Werner Icking Music Archive - free sheet music archive; contains works in PDF and also other formats (MIDI files).
• Open Music Score - Free public domain music sheet in MusicXML format.
• TabCrawler - Extensive archive of published music sheets for educational use in ASCII and PDF.

Source of the article : Wikipedia