Neanderthal anatomy differs from modern humans because it has a stronger and more distinctive morphological form, especially in the cranium, which gradually accumulates more derived aspects, especially in isolated geographic areas. The evidence shows that they are much stronger than modern humans while they are comparable in height; based on 45 long bones from at most 14 men and 7 women, Neanderthal men averaged 164-168 cm (65-66 inches) and women 152-156 cm (60-61 inches) tall. Samples from 26 specimens in 2010 found an average weight of 77.6 kg (171 lb) for males and 66.4 kg (146 lb) for females. A 2007 genetic study showed some Neanderthals may have red hair.
Video Neanderthal anatomy
Distinguishing physical properties
The magnitude of autapomorphic properties in different specimens in time. In the latest specimen, the autapomorphy is unclear. Here is a list of the physical features that distinguish Neanderthal man from modern humans. However, not all distinguish specific Neanderthal populations from different geographical regions, evolutionary periods, or other extinct humans. Also, many of these traits are sometimes manifested in modern humans, especially among certain ethnic groups traced to the Neanderthal habitat range. Nothing is certain (from unexcelled bones) about the shape of soft parts like the eyes, ears, and lips of Neanderthals.
While the head and face structure is not too far from modern humans, there are still quite striking differences. Especially the neanderthal head is much longer, with a clearer face. Neanderthal chin and forehead tilted back and nose area protrudes forward more than in modern humans. The general shape of the nose is unknown but in general it may be stronger, and perhaps slightly larger, than in modern humans. The brain space of the skull, and most likely the brain itself, is larger than that of modern humans.
When comparing traits with current human traits in today's world in Neanderthal specimens, the following characteristics are distinguished. The magnitude of certain character changes with a time of 300,000 years. A large number of classical Neanderthal properties are important because extreme examples of Homo sapiens can sometimes show one or more of these characteristics, but not most or all of them.
- List
- Forehead leaning
- Suprainiac fossa, groove above inion
- Occipital bone, an occipital bone bulge, that looks like a hair node
- Projecting middle face
- Fewer skulls are neotenous than modern humans
- Low, flat, elongated skull
- A flat base frame
- Supraorbital flow, prominent trabecular eyebrow protrusion (sponge)
- 1,500-1,740Ã, cm 3 (92-106Ã, Â ° c) capacity of the skull (modern man: 1425 cm 3 )
- Lack of prominent chin (mental protrusion, though later the specimen has a slight bulge)
- Peak on mastoid process behind ear opening
- No grooves on canine teeth
- The posterior retromolar space to the third molar
- Bone projection on the side of the opening of the nose, projecting the nose
- A striking form of a labyrinth of bones in the ears
- Bigger mental foramen in the mandible for facial blood supply
- Sub-cranial
- Stronger, stronger build
- The clavicle is very long (Relatively one of the longest clavicle among the hominids)
- Shoulder width
- Rib is oval or bell-shaped (unclear and debatable)
- Wide broad shoulder bar
- A more curved lateral radius with radial tuberosity is placed more medial, longer radial neck, more egg-shaped radial head, and well developed interoseus peak.
- In the ulna, the trochlear notch faces more anteriorly, lower brachial inserts, larger mid-shafts, and more sinusoidal rods.
- Smaller little finger tips
- Big knee
- Thigh and bending thigh bones, bending femur
- Short tibiae
- Short fibula
- Large calcaneus.
- Length, pubic pelvis (superior ramus pubis)
Cold-adapted theories
Some people think that a large Neanderthal nose is an adaptation to cold animal research, but primates and articons have shown a reduction in the size of the sinuses in very cold areas rather than enlarged according to Allen's rules. Todd C. Rae summarizes an explanation of the Neanderthal anatomy while trying to find an explanation for the "paradox" that their properties are not cold-adapted. Therefore, Rae concluded that the large and wide Neanderthal nose designs had evolved for a warmer climate in the Middle East and did not change when the Neanderthals entered Europe. Yet Neanderthals in Spain date back to 700 000 years, before they lived in the Middle East.
Maps Neanderthal anatomy
Pathology
In the notes of West Asia and Europe, there are five major groups of pathology or injuries recorded in the Neanderthal framework.
Fracture
Neanderthals seem to suffer from high frequency fractures, especially common in ribs (Shanidar IV, La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 'Old Man'), femur (La Ferrassie 1), fibulae (La Ferrassie 2 and Tabun 1), spine Kebara 2) and the skull (ShanidarÃ, I, Krapina, Sala 1). These fractures are often cured and show little or no signs of infection, indicating that the injured individual is treated during an incompetence. It has been said that Neanderthals exhibit an injury-like frequency comparable to modern rodeo professionals, suggesting frequent contact with aggressive large mammals. Fracture patterns, along with the absence of gun throws, suggest that they may have been hunting by jumping into their prey and poking or even wrestling to the ground.
Trauma
Particularly associated with fractures is a case of trauma seen in many Neanderthal skeletons. This is usually a stab wound, as seen in Shanidar III, whose lungs may be punctured by a stab wound to the chest between the eighth and ninth ribs. This may be a deliberate attack or merely a hunting accident; somehow the man survived for several weeks after his injury before being killed by a fall of rock in the Shanidar cave. Other signs of trauma include a blow to the head (Shanidar I and IV, Krapina), all of which appear to have healed, although scalp scars are visible on the surface of the skull.
Degenerative disease
Arthritis is common in older Neanderthal populations, particularly targeting areas of articulation such as ankles (ShanidarÃ, III), spine and hips (La Chapelle-aux-Saints 'Old Man'), arms (La Quina 5, Krapina, Feldhofer) knees, fingers and toes. It is closely related to degenerative joint disease, which can range from normal, pain-related degeneration, restricted movement and deformity and visibility in various levels within the Shanidar (I-IV) framework.
Developmental Stress
Two non-specific stress indicators during development are found in the teeth, which record stresses, such as periods of food scarcity or disease, which interfere with normal tooth growth. One indicator is enamel hypoplasia, which appears as a hole, groove, or line on a hard enamel tooth enamel. Another indicator, asymmetry fluctuates, manifests as a random departure from symmetry in a paired biological structure (such as the right and left teeth). Teeth do not grow in size after they are formed or whether they produce new emails, so enamel and asymmetric hypoplasia fluctuate giving a permanent record of the developmental pressures that occur in infancy and childhood. A study of 669 Neanderthal crowns showed that 75% of individuals suffer from some degree of hypoplasia. Two studies, comparing Neanderthals with Tigara, coastal whale hunters from Point Hope Alaska, found levels of comparable linear enamel hypoplasia (specific forms of hypoplasia) and higher rates of fluctuating asymmetry in Neanderthals. Estimated duration of stress episodes from Neanderthal linear enamel hyoplasias indicate that Neanderthals undergo stress that lasts from two weeks to three months.
Infection
Evidence of infection in the Neanderthal skeleton is usually seen in the form of a bone lesion, created by systemic infection in the area closest to the bone. Shanidar I have evidence of degenerative lesions like La Ferrassie 1, whose lesions in both femora, tibia and fibula are indicative of systemic infection or carcinoma (malignant tumor/cancer).
Childhood
Neanderthal children may grow faster than the children of modern humans. Modern humans have the slowest growth of the body from any mammal during childhood (the period between infant and puberty) with lack of growth during this period that was made later in the acceleration of adolescent growth. The possibility that the growth of different Neanderthal childhoods was first raised in 1928 by excavators from Mousterian stone shelters in Neanderthal teenagers. Arthur Keith in 1931 wrote, "Apparently Neanderthal children assume the appearance of maturity at an earlier age than modern children." Body maturity levels can be inferred by comparing the maturity of teenage fossil remains and the estimated age of death.
The age at which teenagers can be indirectly inferred from their dental morphology, its development and appearance. It has been debated to support and question the existence of differences in maturation between Neanderthals and modern humans. Since 2007, dental age can be calculated directly using noninvasive growth pattern imaging in tooth enamel using microtomographic x-ray synchrotron.
This study supports the development of physics is much faster on the Neanderthals than in children of modern humans. The early x-ray microtomography study of H. sapiens sapiens argued that this difference exists between two species 160,000 years before present.
The latest study, published in September 2017 and based on a more complete framework of the Neanderthal teenager (7.7 years) found at a 49,000-year-old site in Northern Spain, shows that Neanderthal children actually grow at a rate that together with modern humans. Researchers were able to examine dental materials, skulls, and postkranial, allowing assessment of teeth and bone maturation with age. Actually the main difference between Neanderthals and modern humans is reported in the vertebral column. Some features also indicate ongoing brain growth. It is observed that the pattern of vertebral maturation and expanded brain growth may reflect the vast body shape and physiology of Neanderthals, rather than a fundamental difference in overall Neanderthal growth rates compared with modern humans.
Footnote
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