International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

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The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) is "an international standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical goals". The official name is International Statistical Disease Classification and Health Related Issues.

ICD is managed by the World Health Organization (WHO), which directs and coordinates authority for health in the United Nations System. The ICD was originally designed as a health care classification system, providing a diagnostic code system for classifying diseases, including nuanced classification of various signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. The system is designed to map health conditions into appropriate general categories along with certain variations, assigning for this specified code, up to six characters. Thus, the main categories are designed to incorporate a similar set of diseases. ICD-11 is a big step forward, because it has the necessary terminological and ontological elements for unlimited use in digital health.

ICDs are published by WHO and used worldwide for morbidity and mortality statistics, replacement systems, and automatic decision support in health care. This system is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of these statistics. Like the analogues of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (limited to psychiatric and almost exclusive disorders for the United States), the ICD is a major project to classify all health problems statistically, and provide diagnostic assistance. ICD is a statistical, statistical-based classification diagnostic system for health-related issues of the WHO Family of the International Classification (WHO-FIC).

The ICD was revised periodically and is currently in its 10th revision. The ICD-10, therefore known, dates from 1992 and the WHO publishes a small annual update and major renewal every three years. The final draft of the ICD-11 system is expected to be submitted to the WHO World Health Assembly (WHA) for official endorsement by 2019. [21] The version for preparation of approval at WHA was released on June 18, 2018. [21] The ICD is part of the "family" classification including the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) focusing on the functional domain (disability) related to health conditions, from both medical and social perspectives, and the International Health Interventional Classification (ICHI) classify a wide range of medical, nursing, functional and public health interventions.

Video International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

Sinopsis historis

In 1860, during the international statistical congress held in London, Florence Nightingale made a proposal that resulted in the development of the first model of systemic hospital data collection. In 1893, a French doctor, Jacques Bertillon, introduced the Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death at the International Statistical Institute congress in Chicago.

A number of countries adopt Bertillon's system, which is based on the principle of distinguishing between common and localized diseases into particular organ or anatomical sites, such as those used by the City of Paris to classify deaths. The next revision represents the synthesis of English, German and Swiss classification, growing from 44 original titles to 161 titles. In 1898, the American Public Health Association (APHA) recommended that Canadian, Mexican, and American applicants also adopt it. APHA also recommends to revise the system every 10 years to ensure the system remains current with the progress of medical practice. As a result, the first international conference to revise the International Classification of Causes of Death occurred in 1900, with revisions occurring every ten years thereafter. At that time, the classification system was contained in a single book, which included the Alphabet Index as well as the Tabular List. The book is small compared to the current coding text.

The following revisions contain minor changes, until the sixth revision of the classification system. With the sixth revision, the classification system expanded into two volumes. The sixth revision included conditions of morbidity and mortality, and the title was modified to reflect the changes: International Statistical Classification of Illness, Injury and Causes of Death (ICD). Prior to the sixth revision, the responsibility for the ICD revision fell to the Mixed Commission, a group composed of representatives from the International Statistical Institute and the League of Health Organization of Nations. In 1948, WHO took responsibility for preparing and issuing revisions to the ICD every ten years. WHO sponsored the seventh and eighth revisions in 1957 and 1968, respectively. Then it becomes clear that the ten year interval set between the revisions is too short.

ICD is currently the most widely used statistical classification system for diseases in the world. In addition, some countries - including Australia, Canada, and the United States - have developed their own adaptation of the ICD, with more coded procedures for the classification of surgical or diagnostic procedures.

Maps International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

ICD Version

ICD-6

The ICD-6, published in 1949, was the first set to be suitable for reporting morbidity. Thus, the name changed from the International List of Causes of Death to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases. The combined code section for injuries and related accidents is divided into two, one chapter for injury, and one chapter for their external causes. By being used for morbidity, there is a need to code for mental states, and for the first time a part of mental disorder is added.

ICD-7

The international conference for the Seventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was held in Paris under the auspices of the WHO in February 1955. In accordance with the recommendations of the WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics, this revision was limited to important changes and amendments to errors and inconsistencies.

ICD-8a

The 8th Revision Conference hosted by WHO met in Geneva, from 6 to 12 July 1965. This revision was more radical than the Seventh but left unchanged the basic structure The classification and general philosophy classify the disease, when possible, according to their etiology is not a particular manifestation. During the years when the Seventh and Eighth Revisions of the ICD were in place, the use of ICD for indexing hospital medical records increased rapidly and some countries set up national adaptations that provide additional detail required for this ICD application. In the US, a group of consultants are required to study the 8th ICD (ICD-8a) revision to apply to various users in the United States. The group recommends that further details be provided for hospital coding and morbidity data. The "Advisory Committee for ICDA Headquarters" of the American Hospital Association developed the necessary adaptation proposal, which resulted in the publication of the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted (ICDA). In 1968, the United States Public Health Service published the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, Revised the 8th for use in the United States (ICDA-8a). Beginning in 1968, ICDA-8a serves as a basis for coding diagnostic data for official morbidity and mortality statistics in the United States.

ICD-9

The International Conference for the Ninth Revision The International Statistical Classification of Illness, Injury and Causes of Death, organized by the WHO, was met in Geneva from 30 September to 6 October 1975. In discussions leading up to the conference, originally intended that there should be little change other than updating the classification. This is mainly due to the cost of adapting the data processing system each time the classification is revised.

There is an enormous growth interest in ICD and ways to be found to respond to this, in part by modifying the classification itself and partly by introducing specific coding terms. A number of representations were made by specialist agencies who became interested in using ICDs for their own statistics. Some of the subject areas in the classification are considered improperly regulated and there is considerable pressure for more detail and for adaptation of classification to make it more relevant for the evaluation of medical care, by classifying conditions into chapters related to affected body parts than those dealing with common diseases underlying.

At the other end of the scale, there are representations from countries and regions where detailed and sophisticated classifications are irrelevant, but which still require ICD-classification to assess their progress in health care and in disease control. Field trials with bi-axial classification approach - one axis (criterion) for anatomy, with another for etiology - indicate the impracticality of the approach for routine use.

The final proposal presented and accepted by the Conference in 1978 retained the basic ICD structure, albeit with many additional details at the four-digit subcategory level, and some optional five-digit subdivisions. For the benefit of users who do not need such details, attention is taken to ensure that categories at a three-digit level are appropriate.

For the benefit of users who want to generate medically oriented statistics and indexes, the 9th Revision incorporates optional alternative methods of classifying diagnostic statements, including information about underlying common diseases and manifestations in particular organs or sites. This system is known as the dagger system and asterisk and stored in the Tenth Revision. A number of other technical innovations are included in the Ninth Revision, which aims to increase its flexibility to be used in various situations.

It was eventually replaced by ICD-10, a version currently used by WHO and most countries. Given the wide expansion in the tenth revision, it is not possible to convert the ICD-9 data set directly to the ICD-10 data set, although some tools are available to help guide users. ICD-9 publications without IP restrictions in the world with growing electronic data systems lead to various products based on ICD-9, such as MeDRA or the Read directory.

ICPM

When ICD-9 was published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) was also developed (1975) and published (1978). The ICPM fascicle surgical procedure was originally made by the United States, based on an adaptation of ICD (called ICDA), which has contained the procedure classification since 1962. ICPM is published separately from ICD disease classification as a series of additional documents called fascicula. (bundle or group of goods). Each fuji contains laboratory classification, radiology, surgery, therapy, and other diagnostic procedures. Many countries have adapted and translated ICPM in part or in whole and used it with amendments since then.

ICD-9-CM

The International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modifications (ICD-9-CM) is an adaptation made by the US National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and is used in establishing diagnostic codes and procedures related to inpatient, outpatient , and the use of doctors' offices in the United States. ICD-9-CM is based on ICD-9 but provides additional detail of morbidity. It's updated annually on October 1st.

It consists of two or three volumes:

• Volumes 1 and 2 contain a diagnostic code. (Volume 1 is a list of tables, and volume 2 is an index.) Extended to ICD-9-CM
• Volume 3 contains the procedure code for surgical, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures. ICD-9-CM only

The NCHS and Medicare and Medicaid Service Centers are US government agencies responsible for overseeing all changes and modifications to ICD-9-CM.

ICD-10

Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, and a new revision was supported by the World Health Assembly to the Forty-third in May 1990. The latest version began to be used in WHO Member States starting in 1994. The classification system allows more than 155,000 different codes and allows tracking many new diagnoses and procedures, significant expansions on the 17,000 codes available on ICD-9. Adoption is relatively fast in most parts of the world. Some materials are provided online by WHO to facilitate their use, including manuals, training, browsers, and files for download. Some countries have adapted international standards, such as "ICD-10-AM" published in Australia in 1998 (also used in New Zealand), and "ICD-10-CA" was introduced in Canada in 2000.

ICD-10-CM

Adoption of ICD-10-CM is slow in the United States. Since 1979, the US has requested ICD-9-CM codes for Medicare and Medicaid claims, and most of the American medical industry follows. On January 1, 1999 ICD-10 (no clinical extension) was adopted to report death, but ICD-9-CM was still used for morbidity. Meanwhile, the NCHS received permission from WHO to make ICD-10 clinical modifications, and had the production of all of these systems:

• ICD-10-CM, for diagnosis codes, replacing volumes 1 and 2. An annual update is provided.
• ICD-10-PCS, for the procedure code, replaces volume 3. An annual update is provided.

On August 21, 2008, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) proposed a new set of codes to be used to report diagnoses and procedures on health care transactions. Under the proposal, the ICD-9-CM code set will be replaced with the ICD-10-CM code set, effective October 1, 2013. On April 17, 2012 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) publishes proposed rules that will be delayed, from 1 October 2013 to October 1, 2014, date of compliance for ICD-10-CM and PCS. Once again, Congress postponed the date of implementation until October 1, 2015, after which it was incorporated into the "Dok Fix" bill without debate over the objections of many people.

Revision to ICD-10-CM Includes:

• Relevant information for outpatient and managed outpatient meetings.
• Extended injury code.
• New combination code for diagnosis/symptoms to reduce the amount of code needed to fully describe the problem.
• The addition of the sixth and seventh digit classification.
• Specific classification for laterality.
• Classification of classifications for improved data details.

ICD-10-CA

ICD-10-CA is a clinical modification of ICD-10 developed by the Canadian Institute for Health Information for the classification of morbidity in Canada. ICD-10-CA applies outside acute care, and includes non-disease conditions and situations but represents risk factors for health, such as occupational and environmental factors, lifestyle and psycho-social circumstances.

ICD-11 (stable version for June 2018 implementation release)

The World Health Organization has revised the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to ICD-11. Its development has taken place in an internet-based workspace that continues to be used as a maintenance platform for discussion, and proposals for ICD updates. Anyone can submit a proposal based on evidence. Proposals are processed in an open transparent manner with reviews for scientific evidence, and usability and usefulness in various ICD uses. It is estimated that there will be no need for ICD-11 national modification, because of its richness and flexibility in details that can be reported.

The final draft of the ICD-11 system is expected to be submitted to the WHO World Health Assembly (WHA) for official endorsement by 2019. The version for implementation (preparation of approval at WHA) was released on June 18, 2018.

The ICD-11 comes with an implementation package that includes transition tables from and to ICD-10, translation tools, encoding tools, web services, manuals, training materials, and more [1]. All tools can be accessed after the self-registration of the maintenance platform.

The official release is accessed via icd.who.int

• About 300 specialists from 55 countries, organized in 30 main working groups have provided their input to make ICD-11 scientifically up-to-date, and the structural issues evident by using ICD-10 have been solved./li>
• ICD-11 is much easier to use than ICD-10. Its ontological infrastructure makes it possible to improve user guidance compared to ICD-10.
• The systematic dependence on the use of code combinations and extension codes makes ICD finally clinically relevant. Any combination of conditions can be encoded to the required level of detail.
• Primary care, cancer encoding, traditional medicine (currently module 1: ancient Chinese medicine - China, Korea, and Japan), and a section for functional assessment is now included.
• Special versions, such as for mental health, primary care, or dermatology are generated from the common core, the foundation.
• ICD-11 is really multilingual. ICD-10 is in 43 languages ​​in electronic version and ICD-11 has 15 translations in progress. This tool generates all the files and formats from the core translation tool on the maintenance platform. For translation authorization, requests must be submitted to WHO.
• ICD-11 is a ready-to-use digital health (formerly e-health) due to the uniform use of resource identifiers and its ontological foundations. This system allows any software connection through the standard API. The same package is also set up for offline use.
• The ICD-11 is based on an electronic foundation component that contains all the content, structural information, references, and discriptor in machine-readable formats. The content is then awarded for machinery or human use, electronically or in print.
• In ICD-11, each disease entity has a description that provides a description and a central guide on what entities/categories mean in human readable terms, to guide users. This is an improvement over the ICD-10, which only has title titles. The definition has a standard structure in accordance with the template with standard definition templates and further features are exemplified in the "Content Model". Content Model is a structured framework that captures knowledge that supports the definition of ICD entities. Therefore, Content Model enables computerization (with links to ontologies and SNOMED CT). Each ICD entity can be viewed from various dimensions or "parameters". For example, there are currently 13 main parameters defined in the Content Model (see below) to describe the categories in the ICD.

External review of ICD-11 Revision has been completed. This report notes the progress in the ICD Revision, and makes clear recommendations about future progress in revision.

1. Entity Title ICD - Full Name Specified
2. Classification Properties - diseases, disorders, injuries, etc. .
3. Textual Definitions - short standard description
4. Terms - synonyms, inclusion and other exceptions
5. Description of Body System/Structure - anatomy and physiology
6. Temporary Properties - acute, chronic or otherwise
7. Subtype Property Slightness - small> small, medium, heavy, or other scale
8. Property Manifestation - signs, symptoms
9. Property Cause - etiology: infectious cause, external, etc. .
10. Working Properties - impact on everyday life: activity and participation
11. Nature of Special Conditions - associated with pregnancy etc.
12. Care Properties - specific care considerations: e.g. resistance
13. Diagnostic Criteria - operational definition for scoring

ICD-11 uses a more sophisticated architecture than the historical version, consistent with its generation as a digital resource. The core content of the system, called the Foundation Component, is a network of words and semantic terms, in which certain terms can have more than one parent. To overcome the requirement that statistical classification indicates mutual exclusivity (so events are not counted more than once) and sharpness (so there is a place to count all events), ICD11 supports Serial Component serialization into a number of linearization lines, optimized for use cases. The main linearization, now called Joint Linearization for Morbidity and Mortality Statistics, is a tabular format used by most traditional users. However, other linearizations, for primary care, some sub-specialties, or applications such as clinical decision support are possible. Finally, initial work in partnership with IHTSDO is underway to ensure that the ICD-11 Foundation Component is semantically coherent through the development of a Public Ontology, a subset of CT SNOMED that will link the Foundation Component with terms defined through the description logic.

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Usage in the United States

In the United States, the US Public Health Service published the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing of Hospital Records and Classification of Operations (ICDA), completed in 1962 and expanded ICD-7 in a number of areas to better fully meet the needs hospital indexing. The US Public Health Service then issued the 8th Revision, International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Use in the United States, called ICDA-8, for official national morbidity and mortality statistics. This is followed by the ICD, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, known as ICD-9-CM, published by the US Department of Health and Human Services and used by hospitals and other health facilities to better describe clinical picture of the patient. The ICD-9-CM diagnostic component is completely consistent with the ICD-9 code, and remains the data standard for reporting morbidity. The national adaptation of ICD-10 evolved to incorporate both the clinical code (ICD-10-CM) and the procedure code (ICD-10-PCS) with a revision completed in 2003. In 2009, the US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced that it will begin using ICD-10 on April 1, 2010, with full compliance by all parties involved in 2013.

The years that the cause of death in the United States has been classified by each revision as follows:

The cause of death in the United States death certificate, which is statistically compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is encoded in ICD, which does not include codes for human factors and systems commonly called medical errors.

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Mental health issues

ICDs include sections that classify mental and behavioral disorders (Chapter V). This has been developed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from the American Psychiatric Association and two manuals attempting to use the same code. WHO is revising their classification in this section as part of the ICD-11 development (scheduled for 2018), and the "International Advisory Group" has been established to guide this. Section F66 of ICD-10 deals with the classification of psychological and behavioral disorders associated with sexual development and orientation. It explicitly states that "sexual orientation by itself is not considered a nuisance," in line with DSM and other classifications that recognize homosexuality as a normal variation in human sexuality. The Working Group has reported that "there is no evidence that [this classification] is clinically useful" and recommended that parts of F66 be removed for ICD-11.

An international survey of psychiatrists in 66 countries comparing the use of ICD-10 and DSM-IV found that the former was more frequently used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for the study. ICD is actually the official system for the US, although many mental health experts are not aware of this because of DSM dominance. A psychologist has stated: "Serious problems with the clinical usefulness of ICD and DSM are widely recognized."

See also

• Clinical encoder
• Medical classification
  • Classification of mental disorders
  • Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referral Classification
  • International Primary Care Classification (ICPC)
  • Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), a framework under development by the National Institute of Mental Health
• Medical diagnosis
  • Group related diagnoses
• Medical terms
  • Current Procedural Terminology
  • MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Activity Settings)
  • Systematization of Nomenclature of Medical Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT)
• WHO Family of the International Classification
  • International Classification of Functions, Disabilities and Health
  • International Health Intervention Classification

References

External links

Note: Since the adoption of ICD-10 CM in the US, several online tools have mushroomed. They all refer to certain modifications and thus are not connected here.

• Official website at World Health Organization (WHO)
• ICD-10 online browser (WHO)
• ICD-10 direct training access (WHO)
• ICD-10-CM (US-modified) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Release ICD-11
• ICD-11 maintenance

Source of the article : Wikipedia